BBC - The Blue Planet (1 of 8) - Ocean World
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Dwarfed by the vast expanse[br]of the open ocean
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the biggest animal[br]that has ever lived on our planet.
00:00:48.01,00:00:52.01
A blue whale, 30 metres long[br]and weighing over 200 tonnes
00:00:54.02,00:00:58.01
It's far bigger[br]than even the biggest dinosaur
00:00:59.03,00:01:02.03
Its tongue weighs as much as an elephant
00:01:02.03,00:01:05.03
Its heart is the size of a car
00:01:05.03,00:01:09.02
And some of its blood vessels are so wide[br]that you could swim down them
00:01:11.04,00:01:15.03
Its tail alone is the width[br]of a small aircraft wings
00:01:34.06,00:01:38.05
Its streamlining, close to perfection,[br]enables it to cruise at twenty knots
00:01:39.07,00:01:43.06
It's one of the fastest animals in the sea
00:01:47.07,00:01:51.07
The ocean's largest inhabitant feeds[br]Almost exclusively on one of the smallest
00:01:52.08,00:01:56.07
krill, a crustacean[br]just a few centimetres long
00:02:00.09,00:02:04.09
Gathered in a shoal,[br]krill stain the sea red and a single blue
00:02:04.09,00:02:08.08
whale in a day[br]can consume forty million of them
00:02:17.10,00:02:21.10
Despite the enormous size of blue whales,[br]we know very little about them
00:02:22.11,00:02:24.11
Their migration[br]routes are still a mystery and
00:02:24.11,00:02:28.10
we have absolutely no idea[br]where they go to breed
00:02:32.12,00:02:35.12
They are a dramatic reminder of how much
00:02:35.12,00:02:39.11
we still have to learn about the ocean and[br]the creatures that live there
00:02:43.13,00:02:45.13
Our planet is a blue planet
00:02:45.13,00:02:49.12
Over seventy percent of[br]it is covered by the sea
00:02:52.14,00:02:54.14
The Pacific Ocean[br]alone covers half the globe
00:02:54.14,00:02:57.14
You can fly across it non-stop[br]for twelve hours
00:02:57.14,00:03:01.14
and still see nothing[br]more than a speck of land
00:03:02.15,00:03:06.14
This series will reveal the complete[br]natural history of our ocean planet from
00:03:07.15,00:03:11.15
its familiar shores to the mysteries[br]of its deepest seas
00:03:23.17,00:03:27.16
By volume, the ocean makes up 97% of[br]the earth inhabitable space
00:03:28.17,00:03:30.18
And the sheer quantity of marine life
00:03:30.18,00:03:34.17
it contains far exceeds that[br]which inhabits the land
00:03:57.20,00:03:59.21
But life in the ocean[br]is not evenly spread.
00:03:59.21,00:04:03.21
It's regulated by the path[br]of currents carrying nutrients
00:04:03.21,00:04:07.20
and the varying power of the sun
00:04:08.21,00:04:11.22
In this first programme[br]we will see how these two forces interact
00:04:11.22,00:04:15.21
to control the distribution of life[br]from the coral seas ...to the polar wastes
00:05:12.28,00:05:16.27
The sheer physical power[br]of the ocean dominates our planet
00:05:33.30,00:05:37.30
It profoundly influences[br]the weather of all the world
00:05:37.30,00:05:39.31
Water vapour rising[br]from it forms the clouds
00:05:39.31,00:05:43.30
and generates the storms that ultimately[br]will drench the land
00:06:03.33,00:06:06.33
The great waves[br]that roar in towards the shores
00:06:06.33,00:06:10.33
are dramatic demonstrations of its power
00:06:23.35,00:06:27.35
Waves originate far out at sea
00:06:27.35,00:06:30.36
There,[br]even gentle breezes can cause ripples
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and ripples grow into swells
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Out in the open ocean, unimpeded by land,[br]such swells can become gigantic
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It's only when an ocean swell[br]eventually reaches shallow water
00:07:13.40,00:07:17.39
that it starts to break
00:07:23.41,00:07:24.41
As it approaches the coast
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the water at the bottom of the swell[br]is slowed by contact with the sea bed
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The top of the swell,[br]still travelling fast,
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starts to roll over[br]and so the wave breaks
00:08:07.45,00:08:08.45
The ocean never rests.
00:08:08.45,00:08:11.46
Huge currents, such as the Gulf Stream,
00:08:11.46,00:08:15.46
keep its waters constantly[br]on the move all round the globe
00:08:15.46,00:08:17.46
It's these currents[br]more than any other factor
00:08:17.46,00:08:21.46
that control the distribution of[br]nutrients and life in the seas
00:08:25.47,00:08:28.47
A tiny island lost in the midst[br]of the Pacific
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It's the tip of a huge mountain
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that rises precipitously from[br]the sea floor thousands of metres below
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The nearest land[br]is three hundred miles away
00:08:47.49,00:08:51.50
Isolated sea mounts[br]like this one create oases
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where life can flourish...
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in the comparatively empty expanses[br]of the open ocean
00:09:05.51,00:09:08.51
But all the creatures[br]that swim beside it would
00:09:08.51,00:09:12.51
not be here were it not for[br]one key factor - the deep ocean currents
00:09:19.53,00:09:23.53
Far below the surface they collide with[br]the island's flanks
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and are deflected upwards
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bringing with them from the depths[br]a rich soup of nutrients
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Such up-wellings[br]attract great concentrations of life
00:09:44.55,00:09:47.55
Most of the fish here[br]are permanent residents,
00:09:47.55,00:09:51.56
feeding on the plankton, the tiny floating[br]plants and animals that are nourished
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by the richness brought up from the depths
00:09:54.56,00:09:58.55
And they in turn,[br]attract visitors from the open ocean
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Tuna.
00:10:26.59,00:10:30.59
The plankton feeders are easy targets
00:10:40.61,00:10:44.60
All this action attracts[br]even larger predators...
00:10:46.61,00:10:50.61
Sharks!
00:10:52.62,00:10:56.62
Hundreds of sharks.
00:10:56.62,00:11:00.63
These silky sharks are[br]normally ocean-going species
00:11:00.63,00:11:02.63
but the sea mounts in the eastern Pacific,
00:11:02.63,00:11:06.63
like Cocos, Malpelo and the Galapagos,
00:11:06.63,00:11:10.63
attract silkies in huge groups[br]up to five hundred strong
00:11:14.64,00:11:17.64
Silkies seem to specialize[br]in taking injured fish
00:11:17.64,00:11:21.64
and constantly circle sea mounts on[br]the look out for the chance to do so
00:11:27.65,00:11:31.65
But Silkies are not the only visitors
00:11:33.66,00:11:36.66
Hammerheads gather[br]in some of the largest shark
00:11:36.66,00:11:39.67
shoals to be found anywhere in the ocean
00:11:39.67,00:11:43.66
Sometimes thousands will circle[br]over a single sea mount
00:11:48.67,00:11:51.68
But these sharks are not here for food
00:11:51.68,00:11:55.67
They have come for another reason
00:11:57.68,00:12:01.68
Some of the locals[br]provide a cleaning service
00:12:04.69,00:12:06.69
Following the last El Nino year,
00:12:06.69,00:12:08.69
when a rise in water temperatures
00:12:08.69,00:12:11.70
caused many sharks to suffer[br]from fungal infections,
00:12:11.70,00:12:15.69
the number of hammerheads visiting the sea[br]mounts reached record levels
00:12:26.71,00:12:30.71
Nutrients also well up to the surface[br]along the coasts of the continents
00:12:33.72,00:12:37.72
This is Natal[br]on South Africa's eastern seaboard
00:12:37.72,00:12:41.72
It's June and just off-shore,[br]strange black patches have appeared
00:12:45.73,00:12:49.72
They look like immense oil[br]slicks up to a mile long
00:12:51.74,00:12:54.74
But this is a living slick
00:12:54.74,00:12:57.74
Millions and millions[br]of sardines on a marine
00:12:57.74,00:13:00.75
migration that in terms of sheer biomass
00:13:00.75,00:13:04.74
rivals that of the wildebeest[br]on the grasslands of Africa
00:13:08.75,00:13:10.76
These fish live for most of the time
00:13:10.76,00:13:12.76
in the cold waters south of the Cape,
00:13:12.76,00:13:16.76
but each year the coastal currents reverse
00:13:16.76,00:13:17.76
The warm Agulhas current that
00:13:17.76,00:13:19.77
usually flows down from the north
00:13:19.77,00:13:22.77
has been displaced by cold water[br]coming up from the south
00:13:22.77,00:13:25.77
and that has brought up rich nutrients
00:13:25.77,00:13:29.78
They, in turn,[br]have created a bloom of plankton
00:13:29.78,00:13:33.77
- and the sardines are now feasting on it
00:13:41.79,00:13:42.79
As the sardines travel north,
00:13:42.79,00:13:46.78
a whole caravan of predators follow them
00:13:50.80,00:13:53.80
Thousands of Cape Gannets[br]track the sardines
00:13:53.80,00:13:54.80
They nested off the Cape
00:13:54.80,00:13:57.80
and timed their breeding so that[br]their newly-fledged chicks
00:13:57.80,00:14:01.80
can join them in pursuing the shoals
00:14:07.81,00:14:11.81
Below water, hundreds of sharks[br]have also joined the caravan
00:14:15.82,00:14:17.82
These are Bronze whaler sharks,
00:14:17.82,00:14:21.82
a cold water species that normally[br]lives much further south
00:14:27.83,00:14:30.84
These three-metre sharks[br]cut such great swathes
00:14:30.84,00:14:34.83
through the sardine shoals that their[br]tracks are clearly visible from the air
00:14:36.84,00:14:40.85
Harried by packs of predators and[br]swept in by the action of the waves,
00:14:40.85,00:14:44.84
the sardine shoals are penned[br]close to the shore
00:15:02.87,00:15:06.86
Common dolphin are coming in[br]from the open ocean to join the feast
00:15:21.89,00:15:25.88
There are over a thousand of them[br]in this one school
00:15:32.90,00:15:36.89
When they catch up with the sardines,[br]the action really begins
00:15:40.91,00:15:44.90
Working together,[br]they drive the shoal towards the surface
00:15:53.92,00:15:57.91
It is easier for the dolphins[br]to snatch fish up here
00:16:10.94,00:16:14.93
Now the sardines have no escape
00:16:25.95,00:16:29.94
Thanks to the dolphins, the sardines have[br]come within the diving range of the gannets
00:16:42.97,00:16:45.97
Hundreds of white arrows shoot[br]into the sea,
00:16:45.97,00:16:49.96
leaving long trails[br]of bubbles behind each dive
00:17:00.99,00:17:04.98
Next to join the frenzy are the sharks
00:17:17.00,00:17:20.01
Sharks get very excited[br]when dolphins are around
00:17:20.01,00:17:22.01
That may be because[br]they can feed particularly...
00:17:22.01,00:17:23.01
well once the dolphins have driven
00:17:23.01,00:17:27.00
the sardines into more compact[br]groups near the surface
00:17:31.02,00:17:35.01
As the frenzy continues walls of[br]bubbles drift upwards
00:17:39.02,00:17:43.02
They are being released by the dolphins,[br]working together in teams
00:17:45.03,00:17:49.02
They use the bubbles to corral the[br]sardines into ever tighter groups
00:17:53.04,00:17:57.03
The sardines seldom cross the wall of[br]bubbles and crowd closer together
00:18:02.05,00:18:06.04
Bubble netting in this way enables the[br]dolphins to grab every last trapped sardine
00:18:19.06,00:18:22.07
Just when the feasting[br]seems to be almost over,
00:18:22.07,00:18:26.06
a Bryde whale arrives
00:18:28.07,00:18:31.08
The survivors head on northwards,
00:18:31.08,00:18:35.07
and the caravan of predators follows them
00:18:42.09,00:18:44.09
Nutrients can also be brought up
00:18:44.09,00:18:46.09
- though less predictably
00:18:46.09,00:18:50.08
- - by rough weather
00:18:53.10,00:18:54.10
Particularly near the poles,
00:18:54.10,00:18:57.10
huge storms stir the depths and
00:18:57.10,00:18:59.10
enrich the surface waters and here,
00:18:59.10,00:19:03.10
in the South Atlantic,[br]the seas are the roughest on the planet
00:19:06.11,00:19:09.11
And very rich seas they are too, for here,
00:19:09.11,00:19:11.12
the cold Falklands current from the South
00:19:11.12,00:19:14.12
meets the warm Brazil[br]current from the North
00:19:14.12,00:19:18.11
and at their junction[br]there is food in abundance
00:19:20.13,00:19:23.13
These Black-browed[br]albatross are duck-diving
00:19:23.13,00:19:27.12
for krill that has been driven up[br]to the surface
00:19:30.14,00:19:31.14
Like all albatross,
00:19:31.14,00:19:35.13
Black-brows are wanderers[br]across the face of the open ocean
00:19:50.16,00:19:54.16
A feeding assembly on this scale[br]is a rare sight
00:19:54.16,00:19:55.16
Most of the time,
00:19:55.16,00:19:58.16
the birds of the open sea[br]are widely dispersed
00:19:58.16,00:20:02.17
But these feeding grounds are close[br]to an albatross breeding colony
00:20:02.17,00:20:06.16
- and a very special one
00:20:14.18,00:20:18.17
This is Steeple Jason, a remote island[br]in the far west of the Falklands
00:20:19.18,00:20:23.18
It has the largest albatross[br]colony in the world
00:20:31.20,00:20:33.20
There are almost half a million[br]albatross here
00:20:33.20,00:20:36.20
an astonishing demonstration of
00:20:36.20,00:20:38.20
how fertile the ocean can be
00:20:38.20,00:20:42.20
and how much food it can give even to[br]creatures that do not actually live in it
00:21:09.23,00:21:13.23
Nutrients by themselves are not enough to[br]generate these vast assemblies.
00:21:14.24,00:21:16.24
The heat and light[br]that the sun brings everyday
00:21:16.24,00:21:20.25
is also essential for the growth of[br]the microscopic floating plants
00:21:20.25,00:21:24.24
- the phytoplankton
00:21:27.25,00:21:29.25
And it the phytoplankton
00:21:29.25,00:21:33.25
that is the basis of all life in the ocean
00:21:38.26,00:21:40.27
Every evening,[br]the disappearance of the sun
00:21:40.27,00:21:43.27
below the horizon triggers the largest
00:21:43.27,00:21:47.26
migration of life[br]that takes place on our planet
00:21:54.28,00:21:57.28
One thousand million tones[br]of sea creatures
00:21:57.28,00:22:01.28
ascend from the deep ocean to[br]search for food near the surface
00:22:09.29,00:22:13.30
They graze on the phytoplankton[br]under cover of darkness
00:22:13.30,00:22:16.30
Even so, they are far from safe
00:22:16.30,00:22:18.30
Other marine hunters follow them,
00:22:18.30,00:22:22.30
some travelling up[br]from hundreds of metres below
00:23:20.37,00:23:24.36
At dawn, the whole procession returns[br]to the safety of the dark depths
00:23:32.38,00:23:36.37
The moon too has a great[br]influence on life in the oceans
00:23:38.38,00:23:42.38
Its gravitational pull creates the daily[br]advance and retreat of the tides
00:23:55.40,00:23:58.40
But the moon has[br]more than a daily cycle
00:23:58.40,00:24:02.40
Each month it waxes and wanes[br]as it travels around the earth,
00:24:03.41,00:24:07.40
and this monthly cycle also[br]triggers events in the ocean
00:24:11.42,00:24:15.42
The Pacific Coast of Costa Rica[br]on a very special night
00:24:15.42,00:24:19.41
It just after midnight[br]and the tide is coming in
00:24:23.43,00:24:26.43
The moon is in its last quarter,
00:24:26.43,00:24:30.42
exactly half way between full and new
00:24:32.44,00:24:36.44
For weeks the beach has been empty[br]But that is about to change
00:24:36.44,00:24:40.43
At high tide,[br]turtles start to emerge from the surf
00:24:46.45,00:24:50.44
At first they come in ones and twos,[br]but within a hour,
00:24:51.46,00:24:55.45
they are appearing all along the beach
00:25:00.47,00:25:03.47
They are all female Ridley turtles
00:25:03.47,00:25:05.47
and over the next six days or so
00:25:05.47,00:25:08.47
four hundred thousand[br]will visit this one beach
00:25:08.47,00:25:12.47
to lay their eggs in the sand
00:25:18.48,00:25:22.48
At the peak time, five thousand[br]are coming and going every hour
00:25:23.49,00:25:25.49
The top of the beach gets so crowded that
00:25:25.49,00:25:29.49
they have to clamber over one[br]another to find a bare patch
00:25:29.49,00:25:33.49
where they can dig a nest hole
00:25:36.50,00:25:38.50
A quarter of the world population
00:25:38.50,00:25:41.51
of Ridley turtles come to this one beach
00:25:41.51,00:25:44.51
on a few key nights each year
00:25:44.51,00:25:47.51
The rest of the time, they are widely[br]distributed through the ocean
00:25:47.51,00:25:51.51
searching for food, most[br]-a hundreds of miles away from here
00:25:52.52,00:25:55.52
This mass nesting is called an arribada
00:25:55.52,00:25:57.52
How it is co-ordinated is a mystery
00:25:57.52,00:26:00.53
- but we do know that's arribadas start
00:26:00.53,00:26:04.52
when the moon is either in its first[br]or its last quarter
00:26:12.54,00:26:16.54
Forty million eggs[br]are laid in just a few days
00:26:16.54,00:26:18.54
By synchronising their nesting in this way
00:26:18.54,00:26:21.55
the females ensure that six weeks later
00:26:21.55,00:26:24.55
their hatchlings[br]will emerge in such enormous...
00:26:24.55,00:26:26.55
numbers that predators on the beach
00:26:26.55,00:26:29.55
are overwhelmed[br]and a significant proportion
00:26:29.55,00:26:33.55
of the baby turtles will get past them[br]and make it to the water
00:26:36.56,00:26:38.56
But why do the females[br]use a cue from the moon
00:26:38.56,00:26:41.57
to help in synchronising their nesting?
00:26:41.57,00:26:45.56
Part of the answer to that becomes clear[br]at dawn on the following morning
00:27:07.59,00:27:11.59
The day shift of predators are arriving[br]for their first meals
00:27:17.60,00:27:19.60
Vultures have learnt[br]that the returning tide
00:27:19.60,00:27:23.60
can wash freshly laid eggs out of the sand
00:27:26.61,00:27:28.61
The risk of eggs being exposed by the surf
00:27:28.61,00:27:31.62
may be part of the reason[br]why turtle arribadas
00:27:31.62,00:27:35.61
tend to occur around the last[br]or first quarter of the moon
00:27:39.62,00:27:43.63
It's on such days as this,[br]when the moon is neither full nor new,
00:27:43.63,00:27:47.62
that the tides are weakest and[br]the sea is likely to be calmer
00:28:01.65,00:28:05.65
So at these times,[br]it easier for the female turtles
00:28:05.65,00:28:07.65
to make their way through the surf
00:28:07.65,00:28:08.65
and there less chance of their eggs
00:28:08.65,00:28:12.65
being washed out of the sand[br]and being taken by the vultures
00:28:23.67,00:28:27.67
The moon monthly cycle[br]and its influence on the tides triggers
00:28:27.67,00:28:31.68
many events in the ocean,[br]from the spawning of the corals
00:28:31.68,00:28:35.68
on the Great Barrier reef[br]to the breeding cycles of fish
00:28:35.68,00:28:37.68
But there an even longer rhythm
00:28:37.68,00:28:39.68
that has the most profound effect of all
00:28:39.68,00:28:43.68
- the annual cycle of the sun
00:28:46.69,00:28:48.69
The sun position relative[br]to the earth changes
00:28:48.69,00:28:52.70
through the year and[br]it this that produces the seasons
00:28:52.70,00:28:56.69
In the north, spring comes as the sun[br]begins to rise higher in the sky
00:28:59.70,00:29:01.71
Off the coast of North West America,
00:29:01.71,00:29:05.70
the seas are transformed by the increasing[br]strength of the sunshine
00:29:10.72,00:29:13.72
Here in Alaska the coastal waters turn
00:29:13.72,00:29:17.71
green with a sudden bloom of phytoplankton
00:29:20.73,00:29:23.73
Herring that have spent[br]the winter far out to sea,
00:29:23.73,00:29:26.73
time their return to the shallow waters[br]to coincide with this bloom
00:29:26.73,00:29:29.73
They come in vast numbers and initiate
00:29:29.73,00:29:33.73
one of the most productive[br]food chains in all the oceans
00:29:48.75,00:29:52.76
Humpback whales are at the top[br]of that food chain
00:29:52.76,00:29:56.76
They have spent the winter breeding[br]in the warmer tropical waters off Hawaii
00:29:56.76,00:29:58.76
But there was little food for them there
00:29:58.76,00:30:02.76
This herring bonanza provides the vast[br]majority of their food for the year
00:30:25.79,00:30:28.79
Stellar and Californian sea lions
00:30:28.79,00:30:32.79
also return from the open ocean[br]each year to feast off the herring
00:30:43.81,00:30:46.81
The herring themselves,[br]however, have not come here for food
00:30:46.81,00:30:49.81
They are about to breed
00:30:49.81,00:30:53.81
Nothing deters them as they head[br]for even shallower waters
00:30:55.82,00:30:57.82
Now the waters[br]are so shallow that glaucous
00:30:57.82,00:31:01.82
-winged gulls are able to snatch live fish[br]from just below the surface
00:31:13.84,00:31:15.84
In spite of these attacks and losses,
00:31:15.84,00:31:17.84
the herring swim on until
00:31:17.84,00:31:19.84
they reach the vegetation that the females
00:31:19.84,00:31:23.84
need if they are to lay
00:31:27.85,00:31:31.86
Each female produces[br]around twenty thousand eggs
00:31:31.86,00:31:35.85
- and they every sticky
00:31:37.86,00:31:39.86
The males arrive soon after the females
00:31:39.86,00:31:43.86
have spawned and release their sperm[br]in vast milky clouds
00:31:48.87,00:31:52.88
Soon the excesses[br]of the herrings' sexual spree
00:31:52.88,00:31:56.87
creates a thick, white scum on the surface
00:31:57.88,00:32:01.88
Through the season curds of sperm clog[br]the shores for hundreds of miles,
00:32:02.89,00:32:06.88
from British Columbia in the South[br]all the way to Alaska in the north
00:32:13.90,00:32:15.90
After a few days this gigantic spawning
00:32:15.90,00:32:19.90
comes to an end and the herring head[br]back out to deeper waters,
00:32:19.90,00:32:22.91
leaving behind them[br]fertilised eggs plastered...
00:32:22.91,00:32:26.90
on every rock and strand of vegetation
00:32:37.92,00:32:39.92
They time their spawning[br]so that two weeks later,
00:32:39.92,00:32:41.93
when these eggs start to hatch,
00:32:41.93,00:32:43.93
the annual plankton bloom[br]will have reached
00:32:43.93,00:32:45.93
its height and the new-born fish fry
00:32:45.93,00:32:47.93
will have plenty to eat
00:32:47.93,00:32:50.94
But in the meantime,[br]all these eggs provide food
00:32:50.94,00:32:54.93
for armies of different animals both below[br]and above the surface
00:33:02.95,00:33:06.95
Millions of birds arrive to collect[br]a share of the herring bounty
00:33:06.95,00:33:08.95
Some of it is easily gathered,
00:33:08.95,00:33:12.95
for millions of eggs have been[br]washed up onto the shore
00:33:13.96,00:33:17.95
This encapsulated energy is particularly[br]valuable to migrating birds
00:33:19.96,00:33:21.97
These surfbirds are on their way
00:33:21.97,00:33:24.97
to their breeding grounds in the Arctic
00:33:24.97,00:33:25.97
and they have to come down to refuel
00:33:25.97,00:33:29.96
Stranded herring eggs[br]are just what they need
00:33:31.98,00:33:35.97
Bonaparte gulls collect the eggs[br]just below the surface of the water
00:33:38.98,00:33:42.99
Further out in the bay,[br]huge flocks of ducks have gathered
00:33:42.99,00:33:44.99
They are mostly surf scoters
00:33:44.99,00:33:48.98
- diving ducks - that can feed off[br]the bottom several metres down
00:33:53.00,00:33:55.00
There are such huge quantities of eggs
00:33:55.00,00:33:58.00
that even such a big animal as a bear
00:33:58.00,00:34:02.00
finds it worthwhile to collect them
00:34:04.01,00:34:07.01
The spawning of the herring[br]is a crucial event
00:34:07.01,00:34:10.01
in the lives of many animals[br]all along the coast
00:34:10.01,00:34:13.02
The whole event coincides[br]with the plankton bloom
00:34:13.02,00:34:17.01
and within just three short weeks[br]it all over
00:34:22.03,00:34:26.02
The migratory birds leave[br]to continue their journey north
00:34:34.04,00:34:38.03
They will not come back until[br]the herring also return next year
00:34:44.05,00:34:46.05
As the herring spawning finishes,
00:34:46.05,00:34:50.04
other migrants are starting[br]to arrive just offshore
00:34:52.06,00:34:56.05
Grey whales
00:34:58.06,00:35:00.06
They have followed the sun north
00:35:00.06,00:35:02.07
and they too are seeking the food
00:35:02.07,00:35:06.06
that is generated by[br]the bloom of the phytoplankton
00:35:09.07,00:35:13.08
Krill are feeding off it and these[br]whales are feeding on the krill,
00:35:13.08,00:35:16.08
skimming it from the surface[br]with the filter plates of baleen
00:35:16.08,00:35:20.07
that hang from their upper jaws
00:35:22.09,00:35:24.09
Grey whales make one[br]of the longest migrations
00:35:24.09,00:35:26.09
undertaken by any marine mammal
00:35:26.09,00:35:29.09
- a round trip of 12,000 miles or
00:35:29.09,00:35:31.10
so from their breeding grounds off Mexico
00:35:31.10,00:35:34.10
along the entire coast of North America
00:35:34.10,00:35:38.09
right up to the Arctic ocean
00:35:39.10,00:35:41.11
They travel close to the coast[br]with the males
00:35:41.11,00:35:45.11
and non-breeding females leading the way
00:35:45.11,00:35:48.11
The last to start are the cows[br]that have just given birth
00:35:48.11,00:35:50.11
They have to wait until[br]their new-born calves
00:35:50.11,00:35:54.11
are sufficiently big and strong to tackle[br]such an immense journey
00:35:57.12,00:36:00.12
Their progress is necessarily slow
00:36:00.12,00:36:02.13
The mothers must stay[br]alongside their young
00:36:02.13,00:36:06.12
and even a strong calf can only travel[br]at a couple of knots
00:36:07.13,00:36:09.13
They stick even closer to the shore
00:36:09.13,00:36:13.13
often within just 200 metres
00:36:16.14,00:36:18.14
Killer whales.
00:36:18.14,00:36:22.14
They have learnt that grey whales[br]follow traditional routes
00:36:23.15,00:36:25.15
The killers have no trouble in overtaking
00:36:25.15,00:36:29.14
a calf and its devoted mother
00:36:32.16,00:36:34.16
Normally,[br]they continually call to one another,
00:36:34.16,00:36:37.16
but now they have fallen silent
00:36:37.16,00:36:41.15
The mother grey whale and her calf[br]have no idea that they have been targeted
00:37:03.19,00:37:07.19
Catching up with the grey whales[br]is the easy part for the killers
00:37:07.19,00:37:09.19
They have to be cautious[br]for they are only...
00:37:09.19,00:37:13.19
about half the size[br]of the grey whale mother
00:37:15.20,00:37:19.19
She can inflict real damage with her tail
00:37:27.21,00:37:31.22
But the killers are not after her[br]They are after her calf
00:37:31.22,00:37:33.22
As long as the mother[br]can keep it on the move,
00:37:33.22,00:37:37.21
it will be safe and[br]she does her best to hurry it along
00:37:40.22,00:37:42.23
At first the killers[br]avoid getting too close...
00:37:42.23,00:37:45.23
to the mother but just keep pace alongside
00:37:45.23,00:37:46.23
They know that the calf,
00:37:46.23,00:37:50.22
going at this speed, will eventually tire
00:37:59.24,00:38:02.25
After three hours[br]of being harried in this way
00:38:02.25,00:38:05.25
the calf becomes too exhausted[br]to swim any further
00:38:05.25,00:38:08.25
The mother has to stop
00:38:08.25,00:38:11.26
This is the moment the killers[br]have been waiting for
00:38:11.26,00:38:15.25
They start to try and force themselves[br]between mother and calf
00:38:36.28,00:38:38.28
A calf, separated from its mother,
00:38:38.28,00:38:40.28
will not be able to defend itself
00:38:40.28,00:38:42.29
Time and again the black fins
00:38:42.29,00:38:46.28
of the killers appear between[br]the mottled backs of the grey whales
00:38:57.30,00:38:59.30
At last the killers succeed
00:38:59.30,00:39:03.30
And now that they've got the calf[br]on its own, they change their tactics
00:39:04.31,00:39:08.30
They leap right on to the calf[br]and try to push it under
00:39:19.32,00:39:23.32
They are trying to drown it
00:39:30.33,00:39:34.33
The calf snatches a desperate breath
00:39:46.35,00:39:49.35
The mother becomes increasingly agitated
00:39:49.35,00:39:51.36
Frantically,[br]she tries to push her calf back
00:39:51.36,00:39:55.35
to the surface so that it can breathe
00:39:58.36,00:40:02.36
But now it is so exhausted that it has[br]to be supported by its mother's body
00:40:20.38,00:40:21.39
The killers won't give up
00:40:21.39,00:40:25.38
Like a pack of wolves,[br]they take turns in harassing the whales
00:40:47.41,00:40:51.40
Now the whole pod is involved
00:41:00.42,00:41:04.42
One of them takes a bite
00:41:14.44,00:41:18.44
Soon the sea is reddened[br]with the calf's blood
00:41:18.44,00:41:22.44
and the killers close in for the final act
00:41:42.47,00:41:46.46
The calf is dead
00:41:48.47,00:41:52.47
After a six-hour hunt, the killer whales[br]have finally won their prize
00:41:59.48,00:42:03.48
The mother, bereft, has to continue[br]her migration north on her own
00:42:09.49,00:42:12.50
She leaves behind the carcass[br]of a calf that
00:42:12.50,00:42:15.50
she cherished[br]for thirteen months in her womb
00:42:15.50,00:42:19.49
for which she delayed[br]her own journey to find food
00:42:22.51,00:42:26.50
The pod of fifteen killer whales spent[br]over six hours trying to kill this calf
00:42:27.51,00:42:29.51
But now, having succeeded,
00:42:29.51,00:42:33.51
they have eaten nothing[br]more than its lower jaw and its tongue
00:42:41.53,00:42:45.52
Valuable food like this will not[br]go to waste in the ocean
00:42:46.53,00:42:50.52
Before long the carcass will sink[br]to the very bottom of this deep sea
00:42:51.54,00:42:55.53
But even there,[br]its flesh will not be wasted
00:42:57.54,00:43:01.55
Over a mile down in the[br]total darkness of the deep ocean
00:43:01.55,00:43:05.55
- the body of another grey whale,[br]a thirty ton adult
00:43:05.55,00:43:09.54
It settled here only a few weeks ago
00:43:10.55,00:43:14.55
Already,[br]it has attracted hundreds of hagfish
00:43:20.56,00:43:22.57
These scavengers, over half a metre long
00:43:22.57,00:43:26.57
and as thick as your arm,[br]are only found in the deep sea
00:43:26.57,00:43:29.57
They have been attracted[br]by the faint whiff of
00:43:29.57,00:43:33.57
decay suffusing through the water[br]for miles around
00:43:37.58,00:43:39.58
With their heads buried[br]in the whale's flesh,
00:43:39.58,00:43:43.58
they breathe through gill openings[br]along the sides of their bodies
00:43:44.59,00:43:46.59
They're very primitive creatures
00:43:46.59,00:43:49.59
- not even true fish, for they lack jaws.
00:43:49.59,00:43:52.60
- They feed, not by biting, but by
00:43:52.60,00:43:56.59
rasping off flesh[br]with two rows of horny teeth
00:43:57.60,00:43:58.60
In just a few hours,
00:43:58.60,00:44:02.60
a hagfish can eat several times[br]its own weight of rotting flesh
00:44:07.61,00:44:11.60
Next to arrive - a sleeper shark
00:44:16.62,00:44:19.62
It moves so slowly to conserve energy
00:44:19.62,00:44:21.63
- an important strategy for so large
00:44:21.63,00:44:25.62
an animal surviving in such a poor habitat
00:44:31.64,00:44:34.64
Sleeper sharks live over a mile down
00:44:34.64,00:44:38.63
and grow to over seven metres long
00:44:39.64,00:44:42.65
They can go for months without food,
00:44:42.65,00:44:46.65
slowly cruising along the bottom,[br]waiting for rare bonanzas,
00:44:46.65,00:44:50.64
such as this one, to arrive from above
00:44:56.66,00:44:59.66
A whole range of different[br]deep-sea scavengers
00:44:59.66,00:45:02.67
will feast on this carcass for a long time
00:45:02.67,00:45:06.66
before all its nutriment has been consumed
00:45:07.67,00:45:11.66
Eighteen months later, all that is left[br]is a perfect skeleton, stripped bare
00:45:16.68,00:45:17.68
The sun's energy that was captured
00:45:17.68,00:45:20.68
and turned into living tissue[br]by the floating
00:45:20.68,00:45:22.69
phytoplankton has been transferred from
00:45:22.69,00:45:24.69
one link to another in the food chain
00:45:24.69,00:45:27.69
and has ended up as far away from the sun
00:45:27.69,00:45:29.69
as it is possible to be on this planet
00:45:29.69,00:45:32.70
- at the bottom of the deep sea
00:45:32.70,00:45:36.69
But some energy also returns from the deep
00:45:42.71,00:45:46.70
Millions of opalescent squid are[br]on their way to the shallows
00:45:48.71,00:45:49.71
They have come up here to mate
00:45:49.71,00:45:53.71
As the males grab the females,[br]their tentacles flush red
00:45:56.72,00:45:57.72
For most of the year these squid
00:45:57.72,00:46:00.72
live at a depth of around 500 metres
00:46:00.72,00:46:04.73
They only come together in these great[br]breeding schools for a few weeks
00:46:04.73,00:46:08.72
Just one school was estimated to contain[br]animals that weigh around 4000 tonnes
00:46:22.75,00:46:24.75
Wave after wave rise from the depths
00:46:24.75,00:46:26.75
and soon the seabed[br]in the shallows is strewn
00:46:26.75,00:46:30.74
with dense patches of egg capsules[br]several metres across
00:46:36.76,00:46:39.76
As each female adds[br]another capsule to the pile
00:46:39.76,00:46:43.76
the males fight to fertilise its contents
00:46:58.78,00:47:00.78
The squid make their huge journey
00:47:00.78,00:47:02.79
into the shallows because their eggs
00:47:02.79,00:47:05.79
will develop faster[br]in the warmer water here
00:47:05.79,00:47:07.79
and when the young emerge,[br]they will find more
00:47:07.79,00:47:11.78
food more easily than[br]they would in the ocean depths
00:47:16.80,00:47:20.79
Dawn the next morning and the seabed for[br]miles around is covered in egg capsules.
00:47:23.81,00:47:25.81
The squid themselves have all gone
00:47:25.81,00:47:29.80
Many will have died, but some will have[br]returned to their home in the deep
00:47:30.81,00:47:32.82
They will not return[br]to the light of the sun
00:47:32.82,00:47:36.81
until the next time they are driven up[br]by the urge to spawn |
B-Happy
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Beatles Anthology The Episode8
Beatles Anthology The Special Features
Beatles The - A Hard Dayss Night
Beatles The First US Visit The
Beau Pere - Stepfather - Bertrand Blier 1981
Beautiful Creatures
Beautiful Girls
Beautiful Thing
Beautiful Troublemaker The (1991) CD1
Beautiful Troublemaker The (1991) CD2
Beautiful Troublemaker The (1991) CD3
Beautifull Mind A CD1
Beautifull Mind A CD2
Beauty And The Beast
Beauty and the Beast (Disney Special Platinum Edition)
Beavis and Butt-head Do America (1996)
Bedazzled
Bedford Incident The
Bedroom Key The CD1
Bedroom Key The CD2
Beethoven
Before Night Falls 2000 CD1
Before Night Falls 2000 CD2
Before Sunrise
Before Sunset 2004
Beguiled The
Behind Enemy Lines 2001
Behind The Sun (Walter Salles 2001)
Being John Malkovich
Being There (1979) CD1
Being There (1979) CD2
Belle Epoque CD1
Belle Epoque CD2
Belle and La Bete La (1946)
Bellinin And The Spynx CD1
Bellinin And The Spynx CD2
Bells Of St Marys The (1945)
Belly Of The Beast
Belly of an Architect The
Below
Belphegor
Ben-Hur CD1
Ben-Hur CD2
Bend It Like Beckham
Bend of the River 1952
Beneath the Planet of the Apes
Benny and Joon
Bernie
Best years of our lives 1946
Bet on My Disco
Better Off Dead 1985
Better Than Chocolate
Better Tomorrow 2 A CD1
Better Tomorrow 2 A CD2
Better Tomorrow 3 A
Better Way To Die A
Betty
Between Heaven and Hell
Beverly Hillbillies The 1993
Beverly Hills Ninja
Beyond Borders CD1
Beyond Borders CD2
Beyond The
Beyond The Clouds
Bez konca (No End 1985) CD1
Bez konca (No End 1985) CD2
Biches Les (Claude Chabrol 1968)
Bicho de sete cabezas
Bichunmoo CD1
Bichunmoo CD2
Big
Big Blue The CD1
Big Blue The CD2
Big Bounce The
Big Chill The
Big Daddy
Big Deal on Madonna Street (1958)
Big Fat Liar
Big Fish 2003
Big Hit The
Big Lebowski The
Big Mommas House
Big Nihgt
Big Shot - A Confessions of a Campus Bookie 2002
Big Sleep The
Big clock The 1948
Big girls dont cry
Biker boyz
Billy Elliot
Billy Madison 1995
Biloxi blues
Bingwoo 2004 CD1
Bingwoo 2004 CD2
Bio Dome
Bio Hunter
Bio Zombie
Bionicle 2 A Legends of Metru-Nui
Bionicle Mask Of Light 2003
Birch Tree Meadow The
Bird People in China The 1998 CD1
Bird People in China The 1998 CD2
Bird on a wire
Bishops Wife The 1947 CD1
Bishops Wife The 1947 CD2
Bite the bullet
Bitter Sugar (Azucar amarga)
Black Angel
Black Sabbath
BlackAdder 1x1 - The Foretelling
BlackAdder 1x2 - Born to be King
BlackAdder 1x3 - The Archbishop
BlackAdder 1x4 - The Queen of Spains Beard
BlackAdder 1x5 - Witchsmeller Pursuivant
BlackAdder 1x6 - The Black Seal
BlackAdder 2x1 - Bells
BlackAdder 2x2 - Head
BlackAdder 2x3 - Potato
BlackAdder 2x4 - Money
BlackAdder 2x5 - Beer
BlackAdder 2x6 - Chains
BlackAdder 4x1 - Captain Cook
BlackAdder 4x2 - Corporal Punishment
BlackAdder 4x3 - Major Star
BlackAdder 4x4 - Private Plane
BlackAdder 4x5 - General Hospital
BlackAdder 4x6 - Goodbyeee
BlackAdder Christmas Carol 1988
BlackAdder The Cavalier Years
BlackAdder the Third 3x1
BlackAdder the Third 3x2
BlackAdder the Third 3x3
BlackAdder the Third 3x4
BlackAdder the Third 3x5
BlackAdder the Third 3x6
Black Adder V - Back and Forth
Black Christmas
Black Hawk Down
Black Mask
Black Mask 2
Black Orpheus
Black Rain CD1
Black Rain CD2
Black Sheep
Black Widow 1987
Black and White (1998)
Blackout The 1997 CD1
Blackout The 1997 CD2
Blacula
Blade
Blade 3 - Trinity
Blade Of Fury
Blade Runner (1982 Original Cut) CD1
Blade Runner (1982 Original Cut) CD2
Blade Runner Directors Cut
Blair Witch Project The
Blame It On Rio
Blast From The Past 1999
Blast from the Past
Blazing Saddles
Blazing Sun (1960) CD1
Blazing Sun (1960) CD2
Bleeder
Bless The Child
Blind Beast
Blind Chance (1987) CD1
Blind Chance (1987) CD2
Blind Spot Hitlers Secretary (2002)
Blind date
Bliss
Blob The 1988
Blood Crime
Blood Wedding (1981)
Blood Work
Blood and Black Lace
Blow 2001 CD1
Blow 2001 CD2
Blow Dry 2001
Blown Away 1994 CD1
Blown Away 1994 CD2
Blue (Derek Jarman)
Blue Car
Blue Collar Comedy Tour The Movie
Blue Max The CD1
Blue Max The CD2
Blue Moon
Blue Planet The 1
Blue Planet The 2 - The Deep
Blue Planet The 3 - Open Ocean
Blue Planet The 4 - Frozen Seas
Blue Spring 2001
Blue Velvet
Blue juice 1995
Blue thunder
Blues Brothers The (1980) CD1
Blues Brothers The (1980) CD2
Blues Harp
Boat Trip - Feedback Overflow
Bob Le Flambeur 1955
Bob Marley Story - Rebel Music
Bob and Carol and Ted and Alice
Body Double
Body Heat
Body The
Boiler Room
Bola El
Bone Collector The
Bonnie and Clyde
Book of Fate The
Book of Pooh The
Boondock Saints The
Boot Das 1981 CD1
Boot Das 1981 CD2
Born Romantic
Boucher Le
Bounce
Bourne supremacy The-1CD
Boxcar Bertha
Boy Who Saw The Wind The
Boys and Girls
Boyz N the Hood
Branca de Neve
Bread and Roses
Breakfast Club The
Breakfast at Tiffanys
Breakin all the rules
Breaking Away
Bride with White Hair The
Bridge Man The CD1
Bridge Man The CD2
Bright Future
Broadway Danny Rose
Brother (Takeshi Kitano)
Brother Sun Sister Moon 1972
Brother from Another Planet The 1984
Brotherhood Of The Wolf
Brothers The
Buddy
Buena Estrella La (Lucky Star)
Buffalo Soldiers
Bug 1975
Bugs Bunny - Baseball Bugs (1946)
Bugs Bunny - Big Top Bunny (1951)
Bugs Bunny - Bugs Bunny Gets the Boid (1942)
Bugs Bunny - Bugs Bunny and the Three Bears (1944)
Bugs Bunny - Bugs and Thugs (1954)
Bugs Bunny - Bully for Bugs (1953)
Bugs Bunny - Frigid Hare (1949)
Bugs Bunny - Hair-Raising Hare (1946)
Bugs Bunny - Haredevil Hare (1948)
Bugs Bunny - Long Haired Hare (1949)
Bugs Bunny - My Bunny Lies Over the Sea (1948)
Bugs Bunny - Rabbits Kin (1952)
Bugs Bunny - Tortoise Wins by a Hare (1943)
Bugs Bunny - Wabbit Twouble (1941)
Bugs Bunny - Water Water Every Hare (1952)
Bugs Bunny - Whats Up Doc (1950)
Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck - Rabbit Fire (1951)
Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck - Rabbit Seasoning (1952)
Bugs Bunny and Elmer - Rabbit of Seville (1950)
Bugs Bunny and Taz - Devil May Hare (1954)
Bugs Bunny and Yosemite Sam - Ballot Box Bunny (1951)
Bugs Bunny and Yosemite Sam - Big House Bunny (1950)
Bugs Bunny and Yosemite Sam - Bunker Hill Bunny (1950)
Bugs Bunny and Yosemite Sam - High Diving Hare (1949)
Bugs Life A
Bullet Ballet
Bullet in the Head
Bulletproof Monk 2003
Bullets Over Broadway
Bully (Unrated Theatrical Edition)
Burning Paradise (Ringo Lam 1994)
Burnt Money
Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid A Special Edition
Butchers Wife The
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