BBC - The Blue Planet (2 of 8) - The Deep
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Over sixty per cent of our planet
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is covered by ocean more than a mile deep.
00:00:40.01,00:00:44.01
That, the deep sea is by far[br]the largest habitat on earth
00:00:44.01,00:00:48.00
and it's largely unknown.
00:00:52.02,00:00:56.02
Join us on a journey[br]to the very bottom of the deep sea,
00:00:56.02,00:01:00.02
to an alien world never revealed before.
00:01:01.03,00:01:05.02
It's home to some of the[br]strangest animals on earth.
00:01:07.03,00:01:11.03
Fish flash in the darkness ...
00:01:13.04,00:01:17.03
... new species are discovered[br]on almost every dive.
00:01:19.05,00:01:23.04
More people have travelled into space[br]than have ventured this deep.
00:01:33.06,00:01:37.05
Come on a journey into the abyss.
00:01:47.07,00:01:51.07
A sperm whale takes a breath,[br]its last for over an hour.
00:01:52.08,00:01:54.08
It is about to leave the warm,
00:01:54.08,00:01:58.08
well-lit surface waters and[br]dive far down into the cold,
00:01:58.08,00:02:01.09
dark depths of the deep ocean.
00:02:01.09,00:02:05.08
At the surface it took in air[br]at the same pressure as we breath it.
00:02:11.10,00:02:13.10
But it's going to look for food
00:02:13.10,00:02:15.10
at more than a thousand metres down,
00:02:15.10,00:02:17.10
where pressure is a hundred times
00:02:17.10,00:02:20.11
that on the surface,[br]crushing the whale's lungs
00:02:20.11,00:02:24.10
to just one per cent of their volume.
00:02:25.11,00:02:26.11
For us to follow the whale,
00:02:26.11,00:02:30.11
we need the very latest submersible.
00:02:33.12,00:02:35.12
A reinforced acrylic sphere,
00:02:35.12,00:02:37.12
with walls 12 centimetres thick,
00:02:37.12,00:02:39.13
protects a pilot and our cameraman
00:02:39.13,00:02:40.13
from the enormous pressure below
00:02:40.13,00:02:43.13
and allows the submarine to dive to
00:02:43.13,00:02:47.13
just over nine hundred metres.
00:02:47.13,00:02:51.13
With every passing metre,[br]pressure increases and sunlight diminishes
00:02:53.14,00:02:56.14
"One thousand feet ...
00:02:56.14,00:02:59.15
By three hundred metres[br]it's already very dark
00:02:59.15,00:03:03.14
and the temperature of the water[br]is dropping fast.
00:03:07.15,00:03:10.16
We are entering the twilight zone ...
00:03:10.16,00:03:13.16
a weird world of gloom, where many animals
00:03:13.16,00:03:17.15
have become completely transparent.
00:03:21.17,00:03:24.17
In this twilight,[br]an animal needs to see and
00:03:24.17,00:03:28.16
yet as far as possible[br]must avoid being seen.
00:03:33.18,00:03:36.18
A giant amphipod, 12 centimetres long
00:03:36.18,00:03:38.18
and almost perfectly transparent.
00:03:38.18,00:03:42.19
Its head is completely filled[br]by two huge eyes,
00:03:42.19,00:03:46.18
with which it strains to detect its prey.
00:03:49.20,00:03:52.20
Another twilight monster, Phronima,
00:03:52.20,00:03:56.20
the inspiration for the 'Alien' movies.
00:03:56.20,00:03:59.21
She and her developing pink offspring live
00:03:59.21,00:04:03.20
like parasites in the stolen body[br]of a jelly.
00:04:06.21,00:04:09.22
This impressive cutlery set[br]and its huge eyes
00:04:09.22,00:04:13.21
make Phronima a powerful predator.
00:04:18.22,00:04:22.22
Even really complex animals have[br]become transparent in the twilight zone.
00:04:24.23,00:04:27.23
Squids are among the most[br]advanced of invertebrates,
00:04:27.23,00:04:31.24
but this one never meets a hard surface[br]in its entire life,
00:04:31.24,00:04:35.23
so its body need not be as robust[br]as that of its shallow water cousins.
00:04:40.25,00:04:44.24
There's a rich variety of jellies that[br]live nowhere else but in the deep sea.
00:04:52.26,00:04:56.25
Thousands of tiny cilia propel them[br]through a world without walls.
00:05:05.27,00:05:06.27
Invisible in the gloom,
00:05:06.27,00:05:10.27
they grope blindly for their prey.
00:05:15.28,00:05:19.27
Comb jellies let out long sticky nets[br]to catch passing copepods.
00:05:25.29,00:05:29.28
But the most extensive death trap[br]is set by siphonophores.
00:05:30.30,00:05:33.30
This pulsating bell is the head of[br]a colonial jelly,
00:05:33.30,00:05:37.29
that can be forty metres long.
00:05:38.30,00:05:42.30
Millions of tiny stinging cells,[br]drifting through the sea.
00:05:53.32,00:05:54.32
Five hundred metres down
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and in even the clearest[br]tropical waters only
00:05:57.32,00:06:00.33
the faintest vestige[br]of the sunlight remains,
00:06:00.33,00:06:04.32
so little that our eyes[br]can't detect it ... but others can.
00:06:10.34,00:06:12.34
Survival in the twilight zone
00:06:12.34,00:06:16.33
is all about seeing, yet not being seen.
00:06:19.35,00:06:23.34
Hatchet fish are masters[br]of the game of hide and seek.
00:06:24.35,00:06:25.35
They have the large, sensitive eyes
00:06:25.35,00:06:29.34
needed for seeking prey,[br]but their bodies are flat.
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And their sides are highly silvered.
00:06:39.37,00:06:41.37
Head on, they are just visible,
00:06:41.37,00:06:45.37
thin though they are,[br]but as soon as they turn ...
00:06:45.37,00:06:48.37
... their mirrored sides[br]reflect the remnants
00:06:48.37,00:06:52.38
of blue light from the surface[br]and they disappear into the gloom.
00:06:52.38,00:06:56.38
Viewed from the side,[br]whole shoals can hide in this way.
00:06:56.38,00:07:00.38
But what about from below?
00:07:04.39,00:07:06.39
The tubular eyes of many of the predators
00:07:06.39,00:07:09.40
even in this gloom are able[br]to distinguish their prey,
00:07:09.40,00:07:13.39
silhouetted against the scarcely[br]detectable glimmer of light from above.
00:07:17.40,00:07:20.41
Hatchet fish, however,[br]have a way of confusing any eyes
00:07:20.41,00:07:23.41
that might be searching for them[br]from below.
00:07:23.41,00:07:27.40
Their bellies carry rows of[br]light-producing cells called photophores.
00:07:29.42,00:07:31.42
They can use these to exactly match
00:07:31.42,00:07:35.41
the changing colour of light[br]from the surface far above.
00:07:45.43,00:07:48.43
This counter shading breaks up[br]their silhouette,
00:07:48.43,00:07:52.44
making them almost invisible from below...
00:07:52.44,00:07:56.43
... almost.
00:08:00.45,00:08:04.44
But these are no ordinary eyes.
00:08:05.45,00:08:08.45
The enormous yellow lenses enable
00:08:08.45,00:08:10.46
their owner to distinguish between light
00:08:10.46,00:08:14.45
produced by photophores and sunlight.
00:08:15.46,00:08:18.46
So, one device for escape is countered by
00:08:18.46,00:08:21.47
another equally subtle one for attack in
00:08:21.47,00:08:24.47
an evolutionary arms race[br]that has been waged
00:08:24.47,00:08:28.46
for millions of years.
00:08:30.48,00:08:33.48
Descend below a thousand metres and
00:08:33.48,00:08:35.48
you enter the dark zone.
00:08:35.48,00:08:38.48
No sunlight whatsoever penetrates[br]this deep.
00:08:38.48,00:08:41.49
The temperature of the water has dropped
00:08:41.49,00:08:43.49
below four degrees Centigrade.
00:08:43.49,00:08:45.49
The pressure is more than
00:08:45.49,00:08:49.50
a hundred times that at the surface.
00:08:49.50,00:08:52.50
Life becomes every more sparse.
00:08:52.50,00:08:56.49
It's a dark, dangerous world.
00:09:00.51,00:09:04.50
Relative to body size,[br]these are the largest teeth in the ocean,
00:09:05.51,00:09:09.50
they are so big that their owner[br]can't even close its mouth.
00:09:14.52,00:09:18.51
They belong to the Fang Tooth.
00:09:20.53,00:09:24.52
Unlike most deep sea fish this has powerful[br]muscles and is an aggressive hunter.
00:09:35.54,00:09:38.54
With food in such short supply[br]at this depth,
00:09:38.54,00:09:42.54
dark zone predators have to be able to[br]deal with a meal of almost any size.
00:09:47.55,00:09:51.55
Many animals here are dark red,[br]like this deep sea jelly.
00:10:02.57,00:10:04.57
Caught in the lights of the submersible,
00:10:04.57,00:10:08.56
it's a spectacular firework[br]display of colour.
00:10:13.58,00:10:17.58
Normally,[br]no red light penetrates as deep as this,
00:10:17.58,00:10:18.58
so animals with red pigment
00:10:18.58,00:10:22.58
appear completely black down here,[br]perfectly concealed.
00:10:27.59,00:10:31.59
Predators here, however, don't just[br]rely on vision many have tiny eyes.
00:10:32.60,00:10:34.60
Instead, their thin rod-like bodies
00:10:34.60,00:10:38.59
are lined with organs sensitive to tiny[br]movements in the water.
00:10:49.62,00:10:53.61
This monster, half a metre across,[br]is a Hairy Angler.
00:10:54.62,00:10:58.61
This is the first time it's been seen.
00:10:59.63,00:11:02.63
It's covered[br]with hundreds of sensitive antennae,
00:11:02.63,00:11:04.63
each capable of detecting the movements
00:11:04.63,00:11:08.62
of any prey careless enough to stray too[br]close to this motionless predator.
00:11:20.65,00:11:23.65
But this, surely, must be the strangest
00:11:23.65,00:11:27.64
of all the deep sea fish yet discovered.
00:11:28.65,00:11:31.66
A highly sensitive metre[br]long tail hangs down
00:11:31.66,00:11:35.66
from the head that makes up[br]a quarter of its body.
00:11:35.66,00:11:39.65
Its eyes are tiny,[br]but its mouth is truly enormous.
00:11:42.67,00:11:46.66
It's called the Gulper eel, because[br]it can engulf a meal of almost any size.
00:11:53.68,00:11:57.67
Hanging motionless in midwater,[br]its enormous gape enables it
00:11:58.68,00:12:02.68
to deal with passing prey,[br]whether it's small or large.
00:12:07.69,00:12:10.70
Gulper eels can swallow prey[br]as big as themselves,
00:12:10.70,00:12:12.70
which is very useful in a world
00:12:12.70,00:12:16.69
where you never know[br]when the next meal is coming along.
00:12:22.71,00:12:26.71
Even in the dark zone,[br]there is some light.
00:12:26.71,00:12:30.71
Turn off the submersible headlights[br]and you see a pyrotechnic display outside.
00:12:34.72,00:12:37.72
These lights are created by animals.
00:12:37.72,00:12:41.72
This is bioluminescence.
00:12:42.73,00:12:46.72
A deep sea angler fish flashes[br]in the darkness.
00:12:49.74,00:12:51.74
The light is generated by bacteria
00:12:51.74,00:12:54.74
that live permanently inside the lure,
00:12:54.74,00:12:58.73
which attracts prey[br]to these murderous teeth.
00:13:00.75,00:13:04.74
There are all sorts of lures out[br]in the darkness.
00:13:12.76,00:13:16.75
Come into my mouth, little fish!
00:13:20.77,00:13:22.77
And what is the purpose of this lure,
00:13:22.77,00:13:26.76
suspended on a long rod, way below[br]its owner's terrifying set of teeth?
00:13:31.78,00:13:33.78
It's difficult to be sure,
00:13:33.78,00:13:36.78
but then this monster does[br]have another giant...
00:13:36.78,00:13:40.78
flashing lure much closer to its mouth.
00:13:47.79,00:13:51.80
These fish are called anglers because they[br]use their lures in much the same way as
00:13:51.80,00:13:55.79
fly fishermen use their imitation flies.
00:14:00.81,00:14:03.81
For a hunting squid, with huge eyes,
00:14:03.81,00:14:07.80
this glimmer is intriguing.
00:14:10.82,00:14:14.81
It might just be food.
00:14:20.83,00:14:24.82
A satisfying meal for a fish[br]with a highly extendible stomach.
00:14:34.84,00:14:38.83
Attracting a mate in this endless darkness[br]can be even harder than finding food.
00:14:45.85,00:14:48.85
Flashing lures may be helpful[br]in doing this,
00:14:48.85,00:14:52.85
certainly only female anglers have them.
00:14:56.86,00:14:59.87
The tiny males are just a tenth[br]the size of the females.
00:14:59.87,00:15:03.86
Their only purpose is somehow[br]to find a mate in the darkness.
00:15:04.87,00:15:07.87
She releases chemicals into the water,
00:15:07.87,00:15:11.87
which the males scent with a special[br]white organ in front of their eyes.
00:15:15.88,00:15:17.88
Having found a partner,
00:15:17.88,00:15:21.88
the male bites at her belly[br]with specially designed teeth.
00:15:26.89,00:15:30.89
He needs to get permanently attached.
00:15:33.90,00:15:37.90
Within a matter of weeks[br]the male is completely fused to the female
00:15:37.90,00:15:40.91
and there he will stay[br]for the rest of his life.
00:15:40.91,00:15:42.91
Her blood circulating in his body
00:15:42.91,00:15:46.91
provides him[br]with all the sustenance he needs.
00:15:46.91,00:15:48.91
In return, she gets a continuous,
00:15:48.91,00:15:51.92
reliable supply of sperm[br]- a brilliant solution
00:15:51.92,00:15:55.91
to the problem of finding a mate[br]in the vast emptiness of the deep sea.
00:16:06.93,00:16:10.94
To help in the constant battle between[br]predators and prey,
00:16:10.94,00:16:14.93
some fish in the dark zone have[br]developed headlights.
00:16:21.95,00:16:23.95
These light-producing photophores beneath
00:16:23.95,00:16:27.94
their eyes may be used to[br]search out prey in the darkness.
00:16:30.96,00:16:34.95
Most bioluminescence in the deep sea[br]is blue or greenish-blue,
00:16:35.96,00:16:39.95
but a very few predatory fish[br]produce red light.
00:16:44.97,00:16:48.96
With this,[br]red prey becomes obvious in the darkness.
00:16:50.98,00:16:52.98
Red light is rare down here
00:16:52.98,00:16:55.98
and most animal eyes can't see it.
00:16:55.98,00:16:58.98
Only these fish can do so.
00:16:58.98,00:17:02.98
This gives them a sniper scope,[br]a headlight invisible to their targets.
00:17:10.00,00:17:13.99
This copepod, un-alarmed,[br]takes no avoiding action.
00:17:22.01,00:17:26.00
Bioluminescence is useful[br]in escape as well as attack.
00:17:32.02,00:17:36.01
A shrimp senses a threat.
00:17:39.02,00:17:43.02
It spins in the water,[br]releasing a bioluminescent glue.
00:17:47.03,00:17:49.03
This acts like a burglar alarm,
00:17:49.03,00:17:51.04
startling the attacking fish[br]and leaving it
00:17:51.04,00:17:52.04
illuminated in the dark and
00:17:52.04,00:17:56.03
vulnerable to its own predators.
00:17:59.04,00:18:03.04
These twinkling lights in the darkness[br]are produced by copepods.
00:18:06.05,00:18:09.05
They probably flash like this[br]to communicate with one another
00:18:09.05,00:18:13.05
and confuse their predators.
00:18:16.06,00:18:18.06
The most sensitive eyes in the ocean
00:18:18.06,00:18:22.06
belong to an ostracod[br]called Gigantocypris.
00:18:23.07,00:18:27.06
It's the size of a pea,[br]but that's enormous for an ostracod.
00:18:29.07,00:18:31.08
Copepods are a favourite prey
00:18:31.08,00:18:35.07
and it actively searches for[br]their flashes in the darkness.
00:18:39.08,00:18:43.08
But this copepod has a way of[br]confusing a hunting Gigantocypris.
00:18:48.09,00:18:52.09
It discharges a packet[br]of bioluminescent liquid.
00:18:54.10,00:18:58.09
The flash is delayed, like a depth charge.
00:19:01.11,00:19:03.11
Spinning, confused, in the water,
00:19:03.11,00:19:07.10
Gigantocypris chases after the flashes.
00:19:15.12,00:19:19.11
And the copepod slips away[br]unseen into the darkness.
00:19:28.13,00:19:31.14
The ultimate bioluminescent[br]defence mechanism
00:19:31.14,00:19:33.14
has to be the light show created
00:19:33.14,00:19:37.13
by the deep sea jellyfish, Periphylla.
00:19:47.15,00:19:51.15
That, presumably,[br]is the way it scares away its enemies.
00:20:06.17,00:20:10.18
These bright lights[br]are all produced by firefly squid.
00:20:10.18,00:20:14.18
Normally, they live way down[br]at around three hundred metres,
00:20:14.18,00:20:18.18
beyond the reach of these[br]Japanese fishermen's nets.
00:20:18.18,00:20:22.18
But for a few months each Spring[br]they come to the surface every night.
00:20:26.19,00:20:28.19
The brightest lights come from
00:20:28.19,00:20:31.20
the bioluminescent tips of[br]their two front tentacles.
00:20:31.20,00:20:33.20
But it's only in the dark of the deep sea
00:20:33.20,00:20:37.19
that you can really appreciate[br]the full complexity of their displays.
00:20:38.20,00:20:40.21
It's not just their tentacles,
00:20:40.21,00:20:44.20
but their whole bodies that are[br]covered in photophores.
00:20:48.21,00:20:50.22
The exact function is not clear.
00:20:50.22,00:20:54.21
The bright tentacle tips may be for[br]attracting mates or dazzling predators.
00:20:55.22,00:20:57.22
The rest may be camouflage
00:20:57.22,00:21:01.22
providing counter shading for the squid[br]as they journey up into the twilight zone.
00:21:06.23,00:21:07.23
Every night in the season
00:21:07.23,00:21:11.23
hundreds of thousands of squid journey up[br]into the shallow water to spawn.
00:21:18.24,00:21:20.25
Before dawn,[br]they will return to the depths
00:21:20.25,00:21:24.24
leaving their eggs to develop[br]in the shallows.
00:21:34.26,00:21:37.26
The daily cycle of the sun has a profound
00:21:37.26,00:21:40.27
influence on life in the deep ocean.
00:21:40.27,00:21:43.27
As the sun sets, it triggers the largest
00:21:43.27,00:21:47.27
migration of living organisms[br]on our planet.
00:21:47.27,00:21:50.28
One thousand million tonnes of animals
00:21:50.28,00:21:52.28
travel up from the dark zone into richer,
00:21:52.28,00:21:56.27
shallower water, every night.
00:21:58.28,00:22:00.29
Tiny grazers are first up
00:22:00.29,00:22:04.28
searching for the microscopic plants that[br]only grow in shallow sunlit waters.
00:22:07.29,00:22:11.29
Predators follow the grazers.
00:22:13.30,00:22:16.30
An enormous variety of[br]different animals join the convoy
00:22:16.30,00:22:20.29
or feed off it as it passes.
00:22:25.31,00:22:27.31
Many will travel up hundreds of metres
00:22:27.31,00:22:29.31
towards the surface and then at dawn
00:22:29.31,00:22:32.32
finding themselves at[br]greater risk from predators
00:22:32.32,00:22:36.31
the visitors return to the safer[br]darkness of the depths.
00:22:44.33,00:22:47.33
The sun's rays only have a direct effect[br]in the top hundred metres,
00:22:47.33,00:22:49.33
or so, of the ocean.
00:22:49.33,00:22:53.33
It's only here that photosynthesis can[br]take place and coral reefs can flourish.
00:22:55.34,00:22:58.34
Leave this thin, rich slice of life and
00:22:58.34,00:23:00.35
travel over the outer face of the reef and
00:23:00.35,00:23:04.34
you quickly enter a far[br]more demanding world.
00:23:13.36,00:23:17.35
Below a hundred and fifty metres[br]photosynthesis becomes impossible.
00:23:19.36,00:23:23.36
You find no plants, just animals.
00:23:25.37,00:23:29.37
Here, the animals are adapted to[br]catch marine snow,
00:23:29.37,00:23:33.38
particles of dead animals and[br]plants that drift down from above.
00:23:33.38,00:23:35.38
So they depend, second-hand,
00:23:35.38,00:23:37.38
on the energy captured from the sun
00:23:37.38,00:23:41.38
by organisms living in the surface waters.
00:23:50.40,00:23:51.40
Travelling close to the sea floor
00:23:51.40,00:23:55.39
we're going to take a journey to[br]the very bottom of the deep sea...
00:23:58.40,00:24:02.40
... to a world completely separate[br]from the midwater above.
00:24:11.42,00:24:12.42
At around three hundred metres,
00:24:12.42,00:24:15.42
the drop off levels out and
00:24:15.42,00:24:19.41
we move out onto the Continental slope.
00:24:20.43,00:24:22.43
This stretches for about a hundred and
00:24:22.43,00:24:25.43
fifty miles from the coast,[br]sloping in the gentle gradient
00:24:25.43,00:24:29.42
down to a maximum depth[br]of four thousand metres.
00:24:31.44,00:24:35.43
Water temperatures down here drop[br]below 4 degrees centigrade and
00:24:36.44,00:24:40.43
the pressure can reach up to 400 times[br]that of the surface.
00:24:48.45,00:24:52.46
Without the lights of the submersible[br]it would be completely dark.
00:24:52.46,00:24:54.46
The water is crystal clear because
00:24:54.46,00:24:57.46
there's so little organic matter.
00:24:57.46,00:24:59.46
Only three per cent[br]of the potential food in the
00:24:59.46,00:25:03.46
surface waters reaches[br]the Continental slope.
00:25:07.47,00:25:10.48
At first sight it[br]appears a lifeless desert
00:25:10.48,00:25:14.47
but take a closer look and you notice[br]a network of tracks and trails.
00:25:16.48,00:25:20.47
There is life even down here.
00:25:22.49,00:25:25.49
These animals would die[br]immediately if brought
00:25:25.49,00:25:28.49
to the surface in nets,[br]so you can only see them
00:25:28.49,00:25:31.50
behaving normally from submersibles.
00:25:31.50,00:25:35.49
Many are new to science.
00:25:37.50,00:25:41.51
The deep sea floor is dominated[br]by echinoderms
00:25:41.51,00:25:45.50
sea cucumbers,[br]brittle stars and sea urchins.
00:25:46.51,00:25:48.51
There are literally millions of them
00:25:48.51,00:25:51.52
marching across the seabed,[br]hoovering up any
00:25:51.52,00:25:55.52
edible particles there[br]might be in the sediment.
00:25:55.52,00:25:57.52
They come in all sorts of shapes and sizes
00:25:57.52,00:26:00.53
and though they are very thinly spread
00:26:00.53,00:26:02.53
the deep ocean floor is so vast that
00:26:02.53,00:26:06.52
these are among the most numerous[br]animals on the planet.
00:26:07.53,00:26:09.53
Their spikes are good for locomotion[br]and defence
00:26:09.53,00:26:13.53
but perhaps not quite so good[br]when it comes to mating.
00:26:17.54,00:26:21.55
Finding a mate in this largely[br]empty sea floor could be a problem
00:26:21.55,00:26:24.55
so some urchins stay together in herds
00:26:24.55,00:26:28.54
to be sure that they're never too[br]far from a potential partner.
00:26:31.56,00:26:35.56
Rocky outcrops provide good anchorage[br]for animals that rely on food
00:26:35.56,00:26:37.56
that might drift past.
00:26:37.56,00:26:40.57
These crinoids, or sea lilies
00:26:40.57,00:26:44.56
Iook like plants, but are in fact animals.
00:26:46.57,00:26:48.57
Their long stalks ensure[br]that their umbrella
00:26:48.57,00:26:50.58
of feeding tentacles are positioned
00:26:50.58,00:26:53.58
to best effect in the current.
00:26:53.58,00:26:55.58
Particles are swept onto the arms
00:26:55.58,00:26:59.57
and carried down to a mouth[br]in the middle of the umbrella.
00:27:01.59,00:27:05.59
These sudden movements swat[br]away tiny amphipods
00:27:05.59,00:27:09.58
that try to steal the sea lily's captures.
00:27:17.60,00:27:20.61
Coral reefs are not supposed to exist[br]in total darkness
00:27:20.61,00:27:24.60
but recently a new kind of coral[br]was found as deep as two thousand metres.
00:27:27.61,00:27:29.61
In the cold waters of a Norwegian Fjord
00:27:29.61,00:27:32.62
there was a deep sea[br]reef thirty metres high
00:27:32.62,00:27:36.62
and two hundred metres long.
00:27:36.62,00:27:38.62
This coral gets no energy from the sun
00:27:38.62,00:27:42.63
so it has to be very efficient[br]in catching food.
00:27:42.63,00:27:46.62
Its polyps are far larger than[br]those of shallow water corals.
00:27:52.64,00:27:56.63
These are, in fact,[br]the largest coral polyps in the ocean.
00:27:58.64,00:28:02.64
They belong to the deep sea mushroom coral
00:28:03.65,00:28:05.65
Their three centimetre long tentacles
00:28:05.65,00:28:09.64
can catch far larger prey than[br]other corals can.
00:28:12.66,00:28:15.66
This necessity to capture[br]every particle of food
00:28:15.66,00:28:17.66
that comes within reach[br]in this near desert
00:28:17.66,00:28:21.66
has radically changed many animals.
00:28:22.67,00:28:24.67
Most Tunicates are filter feeders
00:28:24.67,00:28:27.67
but this one, uniquely,[br]has become a predator
00:28:27.67,00:28:31.67
and it's greatly enlarged siphon[br]has been converted into a trap.
00:28:43.69,00:28:46.69
Most sea cucumbers stay firmly[br]on the bottom
00:28:46.69,00:28:50.68
but not this extraordinary[br]deep sea species.
00:28:55.70,00:28:57.70
Its skirts of skin allow it to swim
00:28:57.70,00:29:01.70
hundreds of metres above the sea floor.
00:29:15.72,00:29:17.72
Eventually it will descend and
00:29:17.72,00:29:21.72
with luck,[br]will land on fresh feeding grounds.
00:29:29.73,00:29:31.74
This, though, has to be the most
00:29:31.74,00:29:33.74
extraordinary animal design of all.
00:29:33.74,00:29:35.74
It's a polychaete worm and normally
00:29:35.74,00:29:39.73
you would expect the long pulsating body[br]to be stuck firmly in the sediment.
00:29:43.75,00:29:45.75
This worm, alone in its group
00:29:45.75,00:29:49.74
swims in the open water.
00:29:53.76,00:29:55.76
Propelling itself with its yellow frill
00:29:55.76,00:29:59.76
it moves about[br]and so finds new sources of food
00:29:59.76,00:30:03.76
or maybe succeeds in escaping[br]from a predator.
00:30:07.77,00:30:10.78
This is Chimaera, a close[br]relative of the sharks
00:30:10.78,00:30:14.78
less than a metre long.
00:30:14.78,00:30:16.78
Sensory pits on its chin help it hunt
00:30:16.78,00:30:18.78
prey on the bottom, while its surprisingly
00:30:18.78,00:30:22.78
large eyes may help it[br]spot bioluminescence.
00:30:30.80,00:30:33.80
Large fish are rare down here
00:30:33.80,00:30:35.80
there's simply not enough[br]live prey to sustain them.
00:30:35.80,00:30:38.80
Most have become scavengers.
00:30:38.80,00:30:42.80
A dead tuna has attracted[br]a deep sea conger eel...
00:30:44.81,00:30:46.81
... and a six gilled shark.
00:30:46.81,00:30:50.80
These monsters grow to eight metres long.
00:31:04.83,00:31:07.83
Six gills are living fossils.
00:31:07.83,00:31:09.83
For a hundred and fifty million years
00:31:09.83,00:31:10.84
they have existed unchanged
00:31:10.84,00:31:14.83
living in water as deep as two thousand[br]five hundred metres.
00:31:18.84,00:31:20.85
Very few people have ever[br]been lucky enough
00:31:20.85,00:31:22.85
to glimpse these sharks from submersibles
00:31:22.85,00:31:26.84
and we know almost nothing[br]about their behaviour.
00:31:33.86,00:31:36.86
The body of a tuna is a substantial meal
00:31:36.86,00:31:39.86
but just occasionally a really gigantic
00:31:39.86,00:31:43.86
corpse drifts down to the deep sea floor.
00:31:47.87,00:31:51.88
This is the freshly dead carcass of[br]a thirty ton Grey whale.
00:31:51.88,00:31:55.87
It's resting on the sea floor a mile down.
00:31:56.88,00:31:58.88
It's only been on the bottom for six weeks
00:31:58.88,00:32:02.88
but already it has[br]attracted hundreds of hagfish.
00:32:04.89,00:32:08.88
These ancient scavengers are nearly[br]always the first to discover a fallen body
00:32:09.89,00:32:13.89
and are attracted from miles around.
00:32:16.90,00:32:18.90
They lack jaws and rasp at the flesh
00:32:18.90,00:32:21.91
with two rows of horny teeth[br]on either side of
00:32:21.91,00:32:25.90
their sucker-like mouths.
00:32:28.91,00:32:31.92
Next to arrive, a sleeper shark
00:32:31.92,00:32:34.92
a real deep sea specialist.
00:32:34.92,00:32:36.92
They grow to over seven metres long
00:32:36.92,00:32:40.91
and have never been filmed[br]at such a depth before.
00:32:44.93,00:32:48.92
The gaping wounds in the[br]whale's flank are its work.
00:32:55.94,00:32:58.94
Unlike the hagfish, it has powerful jaws
00:32:58.94,00:33:02.94
so is able to rip off huge chunks of meat.
00:33:08.95,00:33:11.96
Sharks, hagfish and a whole succession of
00:33:11.96,00:33:13.96
different deep sea scavengers will feast
00:33:13.96,00:33:17.95
on the carcass for years before[br]all its nutriment is gone.
00:33:20.97,00:33:21.97
Eighteen months later
00:33:21.97,00:33:23.97
when we returned to this whale
00:33:23.97,00:33:27.96
all that was left was a perfect skeleton,[br]stripped bare.
00:33:35.98,00:33:38.98
It was almost as if a museum specimen
00:33:38.98,00:33:42.98
had been carefully laid out[br]on the sea floor.
00:33:45.99,00:33:48.99
At first the skeleton seemed[br]totally abandoned
00:33:48.99,00:33:52.99
but even after so long there was[br]still some flesh left in the head.
00:34:00.00,00:34:02.01
Hagfish have a skeleton of cartilage
00:34:02.01,00:34:04.01
and are so flexible that they can tie
00:34:04.01,00:34:08.00
themselves into knots and so get a better[br]purchase on the flesh they feed on.
00:34:15.02,00:34:18.02
But smaller organisms had fed here.
00:34:18.02,00:34:21.03
A thick band of white bacteria had formed
00:34:21.03,00:34:25.03
on the mud outlining the original[br]shape of the whale.
00:34:25.03,00:34:28.03
And on the skeleton itself
00:34:28.03,00:34:29.03
colonies of specialised bacteria
00:34:29.03,00:34:33.03
were extracting energy[br]from the bones themselves.
00:34:37.04,00:34:39.04
Most remarkably and in huge abundance
00:34:39.04,00:34:43.05
polychaete worms were collecting[br]the last edible fragments.
00:34:43.05,00:34:46.05
These are a new species that so far have
00:34:46.05,00:34:50.04
only been found on the fallen bodies[br]of whales.
00:34:51.06,00:34:55.05
Scientists have discovered 178 different[br]animals on a single whale vertebra
00:34:57.06,00:35:00.06
most of which have been found nowhere else
00:35:00.06,00:35:03.07
This whale, lying over a mile down
00:35:03.07,00:35:07.07
was not filmed from a submersible[br]with an acrylic sphere.
00:35:07.07,00:35:11.08
Such craft can't go as deep as this.
00:35:11.08,00:35:13.08
To withstand the pressure here
00:35:13.08,00:35:16.08
you need a far stronger submersible.
00:35:16.08,00:35:19.08
This is Alvin, a two metre wide sphere
00:35:19.08,00:35:23.09
with just enough room in it for[br]a pilot and two observers.
00:35:23.09,00:35:27.09
Its walls are made of titanium,[br]the viewing ports have to be tiny.
00:35:27.09,00:35:30.09
Any larger,[br]and the submersible would implode...
00:35:30.09,00:35:34.09
under the enormous pressure down here.
00:35:35.10,00:35:39.09
Alvin can dive to 4500 metres,[br]three miles below the surface.
00:35:45.11,00:35:49.11
Around 3000 metres the Continental slope[br]finally flattens out...
00:35:49.11,00:35:52.12
and joins the abyssal plain.
00:35:52.12,00:35:55.12
This covers over half the earth's surface.
00:35:55.12,00:35:57.12
Mostly it's completely flat
00:35:57.12,00:36:00.12
but in places it's gashed[br]by massive trenches
00:36:00.12,00:36:04.12
hundreds of miles wide.
00:36:09.13,00:36:12.14
The deepest of these is the Mariana trench
00:36:12.14,00:36:16.13
which drops to over seven miles[br]below sea level.
00:36:23.15,00:36:25.15
There are just five manned submersibles
00:36:25.15,00:36:28.15
world-wide that can reach[br]the abyssal plain
00:36:28.15,00:36:30.15
and between them, so far,
00:36:30.15,00:36:34.15
they have explored less[br]than one per cent of it.
00:36:35.16,00:36:38.16
There are a thousand times[br]fewer large animals
00:36:38.16,00:36:40.16
down here than on the Continental slope.
00:36:40.16,00:36:43.17
But in places hundreds of brittle stars
00:36:43.17,00:36:47.16
march over the sea bed in search of food.
00:36:49.17,00:36:50.17
Fish have been found right down
00:36:50.17,00:36:53.18
to the bottom of the deepest trenches.
00:36:53.18,00:36:57.17
Most come from one family:[br]the aptly named rattails.
00:37:01.19,00:37:02.19
They forage near the sea floor
00:37:02.19,00:37:05.19
and use their battery of sensory pits
00:37:05.19,00:37:09.19
to follow odour trails[br]from rotting carcasses.
00:37:09.19,00:37:11.20
Rattails can travel long distances
00:37:11.20,00:37:14.20
across the abyssal plain in search of food
00:37:14.20,00:37:18.19
but others down here[br]prefer to sit and wait.
00:37:21.21,00:37:22.21
This is a tripod fish.
00:37:22.21,00:37:25.21
It supports itself[br]on two specially adapted fin
00:37:25.21,00:37:29.20
rays and can sit motionless[br]for hour after hour.
00:37:31.22,00:37:35.22
It does have tiny eyes,[br]but it's almost totally blind.
00:37:35.22,00:37:38.22
It locates potential prey with a pair of
00:37:38.22,00:37:42.22
fins behind its head, which are sensitive[br]to even tiny movements.
00:37:49.23,00:37:53.23
We know more about the surface of the moon[br]than we do about the abyssal plain.
00:37:54.24,00:37:58.23
Every dive still produces[br]complete surprises.
00:38:04.25,00:38:08.25
This deep sea octopus is about[br]the size of a beach ball...
00:38:08.25,00:38:12.25
and has been nicknamed 'Dumbo'.
00:38:21.27,00:38:24.27
An umbrella of skin between its tentacles
00:38:24.27,00:38:27.27
and its extraordinary[br]flapping ears allow Dumbo
00:38:27.27,00:38:31.26
to hover effortlessly over the sea floor[br]as it searches for food.
00:38:50.29,00:38:53.30
Right in the middle[br]of the abyssal plain lie the
00:38:53.30,00:38:57.29
largest geological structures[br]on our planet...
00:39:03.31,00:39:07.30
... the mid ocean ridges.
00:39:11.32,00:39:14.32
Rising almost two miles off the sea floor
00:39:14.32,00:39:18.32
the ridges extend for[br]over twenty eight thousand miles
00:39:18.32,00:39:22.32
the largest mountain chain on earth.
00:39:27.33,00:39:30.33
When submersibles finally succeeded[br]in reaching the ridges...
00:39:30.33,00:39:32.34
in the 1970's they found
00:39:32.34,00:39:35.34
an extraordinary world with mile upon mile
00:39:35.34,00:39:38.34
of once molten rock that had welled up[br]from the deep in the past...
00:39:38.34,00:39:42.34
and had now solidified.
00:39:45.35,00:39:49.34
They discovered towering chimneys,[br]pouring out water as hot as molten lead.
00:40:18.38,00:40:22.39
At the surface water becomes steam[br]at a hundred degrees Centigrade
00:40:22.39,00:40:25.39
but down here under the[br]immense pressure of the ocean
00:40:25.39,00:40:29.38
it remains liquid at temperatures[br]as hot as four hundred degrees Centigrade.
00:40:35.40,00:40:37.40
The submersible has to move carefully.
00:40:37.40,00:40:41.39
Disaster is very close when surrounded by[br]such enormous temperatures and pressures.
00:40:45.41,00:40:49.41
And here, where the very water is loaded[br]with hydrogen sulphides
00:40:49.41,00:40:53.41
poisonous to normal life processes,[br]they found living creatures.
00:40:58.42,00:41:02.43
Some of the chimneys were[br]encrusted with white tubes.
00:41:02.43,00:41:06.43
The tubes were inhabited by[br]a new species of polychaete worm
00:41:06.43,00:41:10.42
that was exposed to temperatures[br]as high as eighty degrees Centigrade.
00:41:12.44,00:41:16.44
No other animal on earth was known[br]to tolerate such high temperatures
00:41:16.44,00:41:20.43
so the scientists called these[br]creatures Pompeii worms.
00:41:23.45,00:41:25.45
But this was just the beginning.
00:41:25.45,00:41:27.45
Nearby there were[br]chimneys completely covered...
00:41:27.45,00:41:31.44
by whole communities[br]of different organisms.
00:41:32.46,00:41:36.45
The bottom of the vent was[br]encrusted with large mussels.
00:41:38.46,00:41:42.47
There were swarms of white crabs[br]and most spectacular of all
00:41:42.47,00:41:46.47
dominating the chimney were[br]hundreds of bright red tube worms
00:41:46.47,00:41:50.46
each two metres long[br]and four centimetres wide.
00:41:51.48,00:41:53.48
Until these creatures were discovered
00:41:53.48,00:41:57.48
all life on earth was thought[br]to be dependent on the sun.
00:41:57.48,00:42:00.48
But here,[br]in the complete darkness of the deep
00:42:00.48,00:42:02.49
they had discovered a rich density of life
00:42:02.49,00:42:06.48
that clearly derived[br]no energy from the sun.
00:42:13.50,00:42:15.50
So, what do they live on?
00:42:15.50,00:42:18.50
The answer was found within[br]the tube worms themselves.
00:42:18.50,00:42:21.51
They were packed full[br]of specialised bacteria
00:42:21.51,00:42:25.50
that are able to derive energy from the[br]sulphides that are pouring from the vents.
00:42:31.52,00:42:33.52
The worms' plumes were bright red
00:42:33.52,00:42:35.52
with haemoglobin that carries sulphides
00:42:35.52,00:42:39.52
and oxygen down to the bacteria.
00:42:39.52,00:42:43.53
These bacterial colonies[br]are the primary source of energy...
00:42:43.53,00:42:45.53
for all the life that lives here.
00:42:45.53,00:42:46.53
The mussels were packed with them
00:42:46.53,00:42:49.53
just as green plants are the basis of life
00:42:49.53,00:42:51.54
for animals living in the sun
00:42:51.54,00:42:53.54
so these bacteria and other microbes
00:42:53.54,00:42:57.53
are at the foot of the food chain on[br]which over five hundred species depend.
00:43:05.55,00:43:08.55
Crabs and shrimps[br]feed off bacteria and even
00:43:08.55,00:43:12.55
try to steal pieces of tube worm plumes.
00:43:17.56,00:43:19.56
Since the vents were first visited by
00:43:19.56,00:43:23.56
biologists in 1979 a new species[br]has been described every ten days.
00:43:28.57,00:43:29.57
At the top of the food chain fish
00:43:29.57,00:43:33.58
that never stray far from the vents.
00:43:33.58,00:43:35.58
But they, or their descendants,[br]will have to move eventually
00:43:35.58,00:43:38.58
for we now know that individual vents
00:43:38.58,00:43:42.58
are rarely active[br]for more than a few decades.
00:43:56.60,00:43:59.60
Such a density of life,[br]living in such harsh conditions
00:43:59.60,00:44:02.61
in the middle of a vast and otherwise
00:44:02.61,00:44:06.60
barren abyssal plain astounded the[br]biologists who first saw it.
00:44:10.61,00:44:13.62
It seemed to them[br]that here was evidence of
00:44:13.62,00:44:17.61
how life on this planet, which certainly[br]started in the sea, might have begun.
00:44:23.63,00:44:27.62
Deep sea submersibles made an even more[br]extraordinary discovery in 1990.
00:44:40.64,00:44:44.65
Over half a mile down at[br]the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico
00:44:44.65,00:44:48.65
they came across what appeared[br]to be an underwater lake
00:44:48.65,00:44:52.65
over twenty metres long,[br]with its own sandy shore.
00:44:53.66,00:44:56.66
Around its edge,[br]there even seemed to be a tide line.
00:44:56.66,00:45:00.65
But this couldn't be, of course,[br]this was underwater.
00:45:02.67,00:45:06.66
In fact, the lapping edge was created[br]by a thick soup of salty brine
00:45:07.67,00:45:10.67
far heavier than the surrounding seawater
00:45:10.67,00:45:14.67
and the sand was made up of hundreds[br]of thousands of mussels.
00:45:15.68,00:45:19.68
Once again, in the midst of[br]a totally barren seabed
00:45:19.68,00:45:22.69
an extraordinarily rich oasis of life
00:45:22.69,00:45:26.68
totally independent of the sun's energy.
00:45:29.69,00:45:32.70
The source of energy[br]this time was not sulphides
00:45:32.70,00:45:35.70
but methane bubbling out of the sea bed.
00:45:35.70,00:45:37.70
And once again, the mussels carried
00:45:37.70,00:45:41.69
special bacteria capable of[br]fixing the methane's energy.
00:45:42.71,00:45:43.71
Just like the hot vents
00:45:43.71,00:45:47.70
a complete ecosystem had developed,[br]based on the bacteria.
00:45:48.71,00:45:52.72
There was an enormous variety of[br]completely new species,
00:45:52.72,00:45:56.71
shrimps, weird squat lobsters[br]and bright red polychaete worms.
00:46:07.73,00:46:10.73
These oases were called cold seeps
00:46:10.73,00:46:14.73
and were surprisingly similar[br]to the hot vents.
00:46:19.74,00:46:21.75
The geological processes in the sea floor
00:46:21.75,00:46:23.75
that produce methane also tend to result
00:46:23.75,00:46:26.75
in the release of hydrogen sulphides.
00:46:26.75,00:46:27.75
It was hardly surprising then
00:46:27.75,00:46:31.74
when not far from the brine pool[br]they found tube worms ...
00:46:34.76,00:46:37.76
... extensive fields of tube worms
00:46:37.76,00:46:40.76
that stretch for hundreds of metres.
00:46:40.76,00:46:42.77
This new species also uses bacteria
00:46:42.77,00:46:44.77
to fix energy from sulphides
00:46:44.77,00:46:48.76
but it extracts them directly[br]from the ground.
00:46:52.78,00:46:56.77
Their beautiful gills are only used[br]to supply oxygen to the bacteria.
00:47:00.78,00:47:04.79
Amazingly, these tube worms are[br]over two hundred years old.
00:47:04.79,00:47:07.79
While hot vent tube worms[br]are thought to be
00:47:07.79,00:47:09.79
the fastest growing invertebrates[br]in the sea
00:47:09.79,00:47:12.80
these appear to be far slower.
00:47:12.80,00:47:16.79
All the more reason to protect your gills[br]from biting amphipods.
00:47:20.80,00:47:24.80
The energy sources exploited by the hot[br]vent animals may suddenly fail
00:47:25.81,00:47:29.80
but here life can enjoy a more[br]stable geological future.
00:47:34.82,00:47:36.82
To discover within ten years
00:47:36.82,00:47:40.82
two completely new ecosystems, both[br]totally independent of the sun's energy
00:47:40.82,00:47:43.83
has been quite extraordinary.
00:47:43.83,00:47:47.83
So far, we have explored just[br]one per cent of the deep ocean floor.
00:47:47.83,00:47:51.82
Who knows what is still[br]out there to be discovered? |
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