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In a desert of ice at the edge of the earth the search is on for something out of this world. It began with a dream to awaken a sleeping giant and raise it from its tomb. And through the powers of science to see it rise again. One man one mission. The quest for the woolly mammoth. Once a week the lliushin 18 touches down on a remote airstrip in Siberia's far north. Khatanga, a forgotten town above the Arctic Circle was a Soviet outpost during the Cold War. Isolated by politics and geography it seems like it's been asleep for decades. Khatanga is a way station for outdoorsmen and explorers like Frenchman, Bernard Buigues. Since 1991 Bernard has led expeditions to the North Pole, and this has become his home away from home. To find and raise an extinct woolly mammoth from the frozen tundra is this year's mission. Long-time friend Anatoly Androssov will provide key support. Nicknamed "niet problem," Anatoly is a mechanical wizard. In a place where equipment is ancient and spare parts a good barter, Anatoly's know-how will safeguard the mission's success. In his hunt for the ancient animal, Bernard gathers ammunition with 21 st century tools. The woolly mammoth reigned during the last Ice Age which began a hundred thousand years ago. The mammoth and modern elephant are part of an ancient order of mammals known as the proboscideans for their trunks. Their earliest link may have been an amphibious animal with a pig-like body and no tusks. Other distant relatives developed strange-looking lower tusks resembling shovels or fangs. With roots in Africa dating back four million years ancient mammoths and elephants were "cousins" that walked the Earth together before taking separate evolutionary paths. Only the Asian and African elephants would survive to this century. Whether the mammoth is more closely related to its Asian or African cousin is a matter of scientific debate. But as it moved away from tropical climates, it's clear that its anatomy changed radically. An adaptation to the cold, the mammoths' ears shrank as they migrated north to the Arctic. They developed long shaggy fur and a domed skull to hold the weight of heavy tusks. And their tusks grew long and curvy, perhaps to clear the ground as they foraged for grass and plants. Masters of adaptation, they thrived across the northern hemisphere. In Bernard's kitchen, plans for the mammoth hunt are hatching. Vladimir Eisner, a Russian interpreter with a 20-year case of Arctic fever, is up for the challenge. It's a toast to success. To hunt the animal lost to history 10,000 years ago, Bernard must travel even farther north. In his two-year search he's had little success. But he charters a helicopter, the only reliable way to check out a promising new lead. Experts think that some 10 million mammoth remains may be locked in the permafrost most in northwestern Siberia and here in the Taimyr Peninsula where Bernard is focusing his search. Over the years, he's done some business with a nomadic tribe of reindeer herders. He's convinced that the Dolgans can help him. In their travels they find mammoth tusks, and where there are tusks there might be remains. In a land of scarcity, bartering is the custom. I will give him spare parts... A deal is struck, and the pay-off handsome. Yes, the Dolgan chief confirms, he found a pair of tusks in a hillside a summer ago. It was the first time I saw real tusks in good condition in tundra. It was very cold time, but I was so excited to see the first pair of tusks, because the tusks belonged to the same animal. Of course at the same minutes I have some pain in my hands, but for me it was very exciting. If you're looking for tusks in perfect shape, the Dolgan chief urges go see my sons just a few miles down the tundra. Vladimir asks if the men, Guenady and Gavril Jarkov, can help Bernard locate a museum-quality mammoth. There's only one way to find out. Reindeer herders of Turko-Mongolian descent, the Dolgans are at home anywhere on the tundra. The only humans in an inhuman landscape, the Dolgans eke their living out of the ice Insulated against the cold with reindeer pelts, their small mobile homes hold everything they own. Surviving the Siberian winter is tough and the Dolgans make do by hunting, fishing and trading ivory they harvest for things they can't find or make - food supplies and ammunition. It's 30 below zero when the men reach Guenady's camp. But out here, strangers are a startling sight. The surprise is mutual. Bernard realizes that he's met Guenady Jarkov several years' back. Once they've gotten reacquainted, he broaches the subject of his visit and asks for help. Hidden under a canvas tarp to protect them from the elements and the eyes of strangers is a dazzling sight, two exquisitely preserved tusks from an adult woolly mammoth. Each one over 3 meters long and weighing 45 kilos. For me it was unbelievable because the these tusks was like a sculpture a modern sculpture, by the color, by the shape. For me it was difficult to understand that these so-big, three-meters-long tusks can belong to an animal. And I was like a like a child. For the first time since 1997, when his search for the mammoth began Bernard seems to be on the right track. Over tea in the home he shares with his wife, son, and in-laws, Guenady considers a request. Bernard wants to know if the Jarkovs will tell him where they found the tusks the place where a mammoth with flesh and organs might still be buried. To disturb it may be risky, says Guenady's father-in-law. Though he doesn't approve the old Dolgan offers advice. Be sure to honor tradition he counsels the men. If they succeed in taking a mammoth carcass out of the earth, they must give something back a white reindeer and some coins. Otherwise, the spirits might get angry and someone could die. In a land as featureless as this one it's hard to imagine how the Dolgans might retrace their steps to a distant patch of tundra. But they can. Long ago, the Dolgan lost their written language but their knowledge of the Taimyr is encyclopedic. Without compasses or maps they're expert navigators reading every bump on the terrain. Gathering a small crew of scientists and Russian laborers Bernard decides to scout the site. It's now or never if he wants to dig this year. The Siberian autumn is so fierce, that there's only a small window of opportunity to extract a mammoth from the frozen earth. Were he to dig in summer like mammoth hunters before him, the animal might decompose before it left the ground. For a hundred thousand years, the woolly mammoth dominated the landscape one of the largest land mammals ever to walk the planet. With its shaggy mammoth-like coat the musk ox a protected species that survived the Ice Age is the largest remaining Arctic mammal today. Hopes are high as the helicopter sets down 230 kilometers northwest of Khatanga. Bernard is heartened by the relative softness of the ground. Digging may be easier than expected. The men are equipped for a month's stay on the Taimyr. They'll be in radio contact with Anatoly and the Russian authorities responsible for their safety. Otherwise, they're on their own. Despite the sunny skies it's well below zero. Their first job is to set up camp. Ah, a little bit more... ah I think it's okay. Conditions here can - and do - change in a matter of hours. The tents and porthole windows are double thickness to protect against gale-force winds and the chill of polar nights. They weigh close to 180 kilos. Reindeer meat, one of the few things in ample supply on the tundra will be a staple of the team's diet for the next month. With a crew this small, the men will have to take turns in the kitchen and the hunters among them will help supply their table with meat. Frequent meals will help the men conserve their energy for digging in the cold. Finding a woolly mammoth carcass hidden in the tundra is a rarity. Preserving it in its frozen state almost unheard of. If they succeed, it will be the find of the century. Like hunters from another age, they hope to reap the spoils of victory. Radar will provide a two-dimensional image of the animal the Dolgans found. It's programmed to detect the shape of the mammoth, the presence of flesh and bones. Let's go 10 meters to the left side, and then we go on this way. If the animal is here, Bernard wants to dig as close to it as possible. Ay, yay, yay yay... It's very, very clear also that you have between... Bernard has enlisted the help of a Swede named Per Wickstrom, a specialist in ground-penetrating radar. It's the first time this method will be tried to take readings in permafrost. Interesting... Dolgan will call you shaman because you can see! Encouraged by the initial results Bernard has his team clear away snow from the research perimeter. The next radar sweep will be even more precise. Per narrows the grid to sections spaced only inches apart. Are you ready? Yes! Start! Mark, mark, mark... He'll use a smaller antenna to locate shapes called anomalies. ...mark, mark, and finished. Something's visible on the screen. There's definitely something down there. Boris Lebedev, the outdoorsman artist and poet is to Bernard the quintessential man of the tundra. Without his calming presence and his strength, an expedition in such harsh conditions would be unthinkable. A breeder of sled dogs, Boris admires authors such as Jack London and James Fenimore Cooper, who also chronicled life on the edge of civilization. And to hunt a giant in the ice perhaps a fitting quest. From the mammoth that you have begun to... As the team prepares to break ground Per interprets the data from the latest radar surveys. The findings will determine whether or not Bernard gives the go-ahead to carry on with the dig. The results couldn't be better. Five, seven, six... Six, six meters totally. Six meters totally. But down quite deep here, at approximately two point five to three meter there is a very large anomaly. There on the screen is proof that entombed in the permafrost is something the size of a woolly mammoth. If they can find the ancient animal imprisoned in the earth, the plan is to carve a block around it build a steel frame under it and airlift it to Khatanga by helicopter. Penetrating earth as dense as concrete is no easy task. Permafrost, layers of clay, silt and water compressed over millennia, give way slowly, even to the menacing teeth of a chainsaw. Using the most basic tools available in Khatanga, the work is backbreaking. Progress is slower than expected. But Bernard takes time to gather permafrost samples for a survey on the mammoth's little studied habitat. Voila! On the horizon is a welcome sight, a herd of reindeer announcing the arrival of the Dolgans. All year 'round, the Dolgans travel the tundra on wooden sleds, harnessed to the reindeer they catch and domesticate. Guenady Jarkov has come as promised to consult with Bernard. He's brought along his family and the magnificent Ice Age tusks. The Dolgans use mammoth ivory for buttons, tools, and ornaments for their herds. No one can wait to have a look at the freshly cleared ground. Guenady wants to show Bernard as accurately as possible how he found the tusks. If Bernard can determine how the mammoth lies underground, he'll risk less of a chance of damaging it while digging. Hospitality is the rule on the tundra and it's offered with gratitude. The cooperation of the Dolgans on this dig is a first. Though their ancestors roved the Taimyr for 400 years, Bernard is the first mammoth hunter to seek their advice and to attempt to honor the rules of their culture. With the earth so resistant to the advances of pick and shovel, it could take days for the team to move forward. Bernard comes up with an idea that may help move the process along. It's a kind of makeshift greenhouse designed to soften the ground. And if it works, the men joke they'll all want to camp there. But it worked too well. To warm the earth any further could risk harming the animal inside. On the tundra tonight, there's a hope that the elusive mammoth will show himself soon. Within hours, the earth has yielded its first sign of mammoth: A molar, very well preserved. Despite the signs of scavengers Bernard is unfazed. Like tree rings, the ridges in the teeth reveal a mammoth's age. This one is 47. Do I have an idea, a better idea of this? And after I will try to put up you will help me, yeah? With the remains of the skull now extracted Bernard will focus his search on the anomaly so clearly displayed by the radar. Over the ages, the mammoth's head must have drifted slightly from its body. Bernard decides to reposition the tusks. That way, the team can assess where the bulk of the mammoth lies and how to resume the dig. According to the radar, what should remain in the earth is a mammoth-sized carcass. Take care of the end and maybe Nico or Vladimir, take out? No, don't touch. Give me a little bit of snow pack of snow. Please. Concerned that a storm may be on its way Vladimir, a former meteorologist radios Khatanga. There's bad news in the forecast. The men have abandoned the solar tent opting to dig in the granite-like earth instead of the mud. Like detectives scratching for evidence at the scene of a crime they leave no stone unturned. Eventually, their perseverance pays off. The first clue plucked from the permafrost is modest but to the Ice Age detectives a major victory. It's the wiry hair of a woolly mammoth. The men are closing in on their prehistoric prey and they wonder if he knows... The chance at a free meal has lured an intruder to the mammoth site, much to the annoyance of the camp's sentinel. It's an Arctic fox. There's a story told on the Taimyr of a hunter who happening upon a mammoth carcass feeds its meat to the dogs. Stranger things have happened here. Perhaps it's even true. The tempest sweeps across the tundra like a legion of Arctic ghosts. Unwilling to stop until the last possible moment, the team labors on under precarious cover. Conspirators against time and the elements the men savor an unlikely victory. Out of respect for the Dolgans Bernard names the mammoth Jarkov after Guenady. Frustrated by the slow pace of a cold-weather dig, Bernard tries an unorthodox but effective way of speeding things up. After some hours, start to appear some piece of hair, and also it start to smell something coming from an animal. It was a big pleasure to put my hand in all this hair and life was coming from the ground. It was like touching a live animal. At that time, I was sure that the mammoth were here. Not only with my eyes but also with my hand, with my nose, and with my head. Making haste toward the campsite is an unexpected refugee. It's a Dolgan reindeer herder who's passed through here before. Not even masters of survival on the Taimyr want to weather a storm of this magnitude alone. As the hours pass, the winds howl across the tundra until all efforts to resist their fury are pointless. Too late to pack up and leave, the only thing left to do is batten down the hatches, and wait it out. The gusts are so powerful that Boris has the team brace the shimmying walls with whatever's at hand. To lose their shelter here could be fatal. No one knows for sure if the thin canvas walls will hold up against this kind of punishment. All members of the expedition are present and accounted for except for one Boris' dog. Scraping snow from their clothing is a basic safety precaution out here. Staying dry in subzero temperatures could mean the difference between life and death. Could this storm be the curse the Dolgans warned of? The work of vengeful spirits of the earth? Always this story was in my mind and when come this storm, for me was the first sign that I was doing something not in the harmony of this culture Dolgan. The fact that Boris' dog disappear was not a coincidence. Boris feel that he sacrifice his dog to permit me to do this work on the mammoth. To capture an ancient mammoth is a game of chance. To raise it, a test of skill and luck. If a pawn has been lost to an unknown foe they hope it will be the last. Sleep might bring relief from the storm and the tedium of this endless day. This is a good "chap" to sleep during the polar day. You put it on the head and it makes a "op" and you sleep. Whatever the storm has wrought will have to wait until morning. Daybreak, 26 hours after the Arctic onslaught an eerie calm hangs over the tundra. Half the camp has been scattered to the wind and word has come that another storm could hit by nightfall. Salvaging whatever they can, they prepare to break camp. But first they must recover the mammoth from under 2 meters of snow. They've come too far to let the tundra reclaim their treasure. Suiting up in white gloves and protective clothing, Bernard and his assistant are men on a mission. This one, in the name of science. It's zero nine hundred. Their assignment, to gather samples of frozen mammoth tissue in perfect condition for a scientist in a distant lab. The job is simple, if you know what to look for. And have the right tools... Bernard hopes the frozen mammoth jaw will yield perfect specimens. Once the men have cleaned the jaw by chiseling away permafrost, they review the instructions given to them miles and worlds away from here. Collect three samples of skin and three of cartilage that have never been defrosted and preserve them in the specimen vials provided. If the samples are good and make it home intact who knows what secrets can be learned about the behemoth of the Ice Age? And whether the new millennium will see it rise again? If they do return where will they roam? Today the tundra belongs to others. For 400 years, the Dolgan people have lived in rhythm with the seasons here at the northernmost edge of the world. Today, only a few hundred nomads inhabit a region the size of California. Following the Khatanga River and the annual migrations of wild reindeer they hunt some and tame others much like their ancestors did. Baloks, simple homes of canvas and hide balanced on skids, protect against the biting chill of the Arctic. It's time to move on and leave the mammoth for another season. The flight back to Khatanga takes only an hour and a half. As the dangers of the Arctic recede into the night the aircraft carries the men further from their goal. When the lights of civilization come into view the thought of warm beds and creature comforts offers little consolation to the mammoth hunters. The chance to free a woolly mammoth from its ancient tomb is gone for this year yet so many questions remain. Was it simply the weather, or forces more complex that dealt the team such a blow? Bernard has arranged to store the artifacts from the Taimyr in an unusual icebox. Three stories below the streets of Khatanga are caves that stretch for nearly 7 kilometers. Built at the height of the Cold War this enormous refrigerator can store food for thousands... and the remains of a woolly mammoth. I saw him, I touch him, I smell it... I was so close to him and I wondered how he could escape from me. But at the same time I need to think about the next step. Whatever the next step, there'll be no search until next autumn. It will take time and luck to outmaneuver the colossus of the tundra. St. Petersburg, Russia the Mecca for mammoth hunters. Professor Nikolai Vereschagin is a renowned paleontologist and the man who may know more than anyone else about the life of the woolly mammoth. The Russian is famous for his 1977 excavation of a frozen baby mammoth named Dima. Bulldozed out of a Siberian riverbed, the animal was almost entirely preserved with all of his internal organs an extraordinary find. Now in his early '90s, the oldest living mammoth hunter shares some basics with Bernard. Tusks of dominant males could be 5 meters long. The largest animals could weigh 10 tons double the size of an elephant 130 times the weight of the average man. Both Neanderthal and modern man share a history with the mammoth. In those days, men liked to hunt mammoth which was plentiful on the tundra. Its enormous weight produced three tons of excellent meat all at once. It could feed a lot of people for a long time, and so was most worthwhile for the hunter of that period. The St. Petersburg Museum houses some of the world's most impressive woolly mammoth remains. With no natural predators other than man they thrived across the northern hemisphere for more than a hundred thousand years. Why the mammoth died out while elephants survived is a perplexing mystery. After years on their trail Professor Vereschagin has drawn his own conclusions about the mammoth's demise. I support the climatic theory. At the end of the Ice Age there were major successive climatic shifts periods of cold followed by warming. And that played a fatal role in the disappearance of the mammoth. The situation, of course was worsened by the impact of human hunters. As their numbers dwindled the extinction was further hastened by the influence of the animal's psyche. I even think they were depressed. Many died off in great numbers during their migration, most of them by drowning. During the Ice Age, sea levels dropped and the tips of Siberia and Alaska were linked by a land bridge. Mammoths made their way to North America across what's now the Bering Strait. As soon as they reached the new continent the Columbians migrated south some as far as Florida and Mexico. In these less extreme climates they became the largest mammoths that ever lived. The most complete record of their history lies at the bottom of a sinkhole in Hot Springs, South Dakota. A geologist tapped for the next Siberian expedition Larry Agenbroad oversees this excavation in progress and speculates why most of his finds are male. A mammoth society was much like an elephant society. The males, when they become mature sexually they are expelled from the family unit and they don't have much luck in the dating game until they're about 35 years of age. So there's roughly 20 to 25 years of hormone flow and nothing to do with it and no guidance. And they get into really dumb situations a little bit like our own species. Imagine yourself as a young male mammoth oh, maybe uh, 16 to 18 years old. And it's just snowed and you've got a choice. You can take your tusks and sweep off the snow for last year's dead grass or, if you look down in this sinkhole with a thermal pond you're gonna have green vegetation all around the edge of this pond. I don't think it takes too much of a stretch of imagination to realize they're gonna go for the greens. If they did, this was a one-way trip. They either starved to death after eating everything around the pond's edge or they swam till they were exhausted and drowned. The most physically imposing mammoths the Columbians stood twice the height of a man and were double the weight of an elephant. Unlike its woolly cousin, the Columbian roamed exclusively through North America and met our early ancestors. Basically, once they're grown once they're mature, there are no enemies for mammoths except humans. As young, they're subject to big predators, big carnivores. The big cats, the big bears, would have been the only natural enemies they had. Proof of early man's encounters with the mammoth is evident in the art of cave dwellers across Europe and North America. To build their huts and feed their kin men killed mammoths in vast numbers. The mammoth shared the food-rich grasslands with animals that survived the Ice Age - musk oxen, reindeer, horses and bison. How could he vanish amidst such abundance? Some say it was man who did the mammoth in. Others say he perished from disease climate-related food shortages or natural catastrophe. With so few footsteps to follow we may never have the answer. Searching for clues to the mammoth's past is what drives Dick Mol a key science advisor for the next Jarkov mammoth team. The North Sea is rich in Ice Age fossils including the woolly mammoth and its ancestors, and Dick has been studying them here for some 30 years. During a period of the Ice Age water levels dropped and stretches of what's now the North Sea were grassy meadowlands called steppes full of grazing animals that lived died and fossilized here. 10,000 years ago, temperatures rose melting the polar ice sheets and inundating low-lying areas. Mammoth country was shrinking. Trawling the ocean floor for flatfish fishermen can net hundreds of fossils every time they go out. They're a good source of research subjects for Dick Mol. Oh wow, this is heavy. It's broken but still a nice specimen. This part was hidden in the skull and it's well probably 60 to 70 centimeters is missing from this tusk but it's a nice specimen. It looks to me it's the right tusk. The fossils in Siberia should be even more spectacular. Summer arrives in Khatanga with little fanfare. With its shroud of snow cast aside for a few brief weeks, the city feels pale and gray but for a few splashes of color. Though the Siberian weather is brisk the ground has thawed allowing everyone a little more mobility. Traditionally, this is the season when scientists come to look for fossils and mammoth carcasses in the tundra. For Bernard and a few members of his mammoth team this will be a fact-finding mission and an opportunity to check out new leads. Thousands of lakes dot the Taimyr Peninsula a garden of Eden for the woolly mammoth back in the late Pleistocene when the grasslands were lush and diverse. At the request of an important passenger this will be the first stop. A guiding force in Bernard's search is Russia's preeminent authority on mammoths Professor Nikolai Vereschagin. Since the 1800's, only 12 mammoth carcasses have ever been found in Siberia and Vereschagin recovered two in one year. Most of the discoveries to date were initially made by hunters fishermen or gold prospectors who moved around the tundra. The lure of the Taimyr to six-ton grazers is still evident today according to Vereschagin. It's the grass. Its main feature is its solid root structure. It's an extraordinarily hearty plant that thrives in moist conditions. It was the basis of the mammoth's diet. This grass "volunteered" here. As the level of water in the lake dropped the grass took over and invaded the areas where the water had retreated. Where could the mammoths come to find large enough pastures to graze in? These lakebeds provided plenty of food to satisfy them. The grasslands still feed thousands of grazers each season and no one knows the most bountiful spots better than the Dolgan. This is also the time of year when the nomads find mammoth remains melted out of the tundra tusks and bones and sometimes flesh. Now they're showing Bernard other sites with artifacts. To share this knowledge with a foreigner is unusual for the Dolgans. But his work on the Jarkov mammoth has forged a bond of trust. Buried at a site close by are tusks that belong to one of the men. They're valuable for bartering in Khatanga and are stashed underground to keep them from being stolen. Look at this... it seems that it's brand new, yeah. Really nice. Absolutely wonderful. As the weeks pass, strangers become friends and a family Bernard has known for five years invites his group to have a look at something truly extraordinary. Over a matter of months a Dolgan family has dug almost an entire mammoth skeleton out of the tundra, a rare and important find. Enormous vertebrae in good condition fit together like pieces of a puzzle. Edvokim tells Bernard the story of how he discovered the bones. Like almost all such finds it was accidental. Everyone pitches in to look for the rest of the skeleton. Though summer temperatures are more comfortable for digging, they're a disaster for the preservation of frozen carcasses. That's why Bernard must wait till fall to extract the Jarkov mammoth. When I came to the site, I saw that maybe more than 80 percent of the skeleton was already dig out. It was so exciting to find more and to be as close as possible as 100 percent of the skeleton. Each time I find remains of mammoth I take the position, I take the bones I take sample after this to make analyze, to make datation... And it will be after collecting all this information and crossing all these datas that we will be able to understand what happened 20,000 years ago with the mammoth and why they disappeared. I share with the Dolgan the same love of the tundra and we share the love of very basic things. They spend so much time trying to survive. And they are moving all, two or three days from one place to another place and it's a hard process to move. It's not easy. They have no engines they have no wheels. They know that in this place there is not enough grass for the reindeer. And they know that at that time it's not a good place to fish so they are moving near another lake. There is hundred thousand and hundred thousand lake in Taimyr, so why this lake and not another one? They are surviving only because they know perfectly the tundra. They are very far from everything. They have no sugar they have no coffee... The only thing they can find in tundra is fish and reindeer. They will not change their life. They don't want to go in the city. They don't want to be a part of the civilization and they have make the choice to live in the tundra. They like to be in this special universe between the ground and the sky. There is nothing. They are the only human living in this incredible country. The collaboration of nomads and explorers is science's gain. These precious mammoth remains will be flown to Khatanga for safekeeping and further studies of the animal's little-known domain. They'll meet again in September when the second Jarkov mammoth expedition gets underway. In Khatanga, the first snows of autumn herald the new season and with it, the return to unfinished business on the Taimyr. Final preparations are underway for the second Jarkov mammoth expedition. And the mammoth experts from the Netherlands and the United States have just arrived. Before the team hits the road, "Dick Mol and Larry Agenbroad are eager to have a look at Bernard's summer finds. For two dyed-in-the-wool mammoth fans this collection of woolly mammoth artifacts is a treasure trove. ...but, a full-grown one, ...you can see it from the jaw of the... which is fused with the... This is beautiful quality. This time, an advance team has been sent on with some of the heavier gear. The goal is to prep the site so that the mammoth lift will get underway before bad weather sets in. And they're off. The tracks in this great Arctic desert lead down a lost road. The entire northern hemisphere was once a playground for the woolly mammoth, an animal that had adapted to the most extreme climates on the planet. Why animals so well buffered against extinction disappeared is a question that baffles the scientists. The Jarkov mammoth will provide the clues they're looking for. It's mid- September when the helicopter sets down at the dig site loaded with a few tons of cargo and the expectations of two dozen men. The scientists waste little time getting to know their subject. Two meters and 98 centimeters. It's the first time they've seen the Jarkov tusks and their curiosity's gotten the better of them. And we need the circumference. The American and Dutchman are joined by Russian zoologist Alexei Tikonov, who studied with Professor Vereschagin. And we need to write down the weight the right tusk... A tusk can reveal the sex and state of health of the animal according to Larry Agenbroad and even the season it died. The tusk is kind of the unwritten diary for mammoths. These are exceptional tusks. They're better than any I've seen except in living animals. They're the highest quality fossil ivory I've ever seen. The Russian crew has made progress in the weeks before Bernard arrives. A block the size of a woolly mammoth begins to emerge from the tundra. Breaking through ice and permafrost takes muscle and - even in such extreme cold the men quickly work up a dangerous sweat. To prevent hypothermia, they dig in shifts one hour of labor, one of rest. As their link to the outside world vanishes into the night the men set about the business of becoming a team again. An expedition cook prepares the meals this time around but it's hardly gourmet fare in a land of starch and reindeer steaks. It's the first gathering of this Franco Russian expedition and somewhat subdued at least until the men figure out how to communicate in a strange mix of Russian, French English and Dutch. Without heavy equipment only manpower Bernard thinks he can raise the mammoth in about a month. But for some of the team memories of the battle they lost to the Jarkov mammoth still haunt them. Several days pass, and the quarry of permafrost and ice is growing around the perimeter of the hole. But it's slow going, even with everyone pitching in. There's an unforeseen glitch: Their generator isn't strong enough to power tools. But it's not the only problem. The block's size is an issue. They must reduce it without damaging the animal inside and soon Bernard will have to calculate the block's weight to know if he can lift it. But if his luck doesn't change he risks losing the mammoth to the winter again. But the winds have shifted. Somehow, somewhere in a Khatanga junkyard Anatoly has managed to rustle up a new generator bigger and more powerful than the last. And just in the nick of time. It doesn't take long for the men to switch it on move the equipment into place and make all the connections. The compressor will be used to power the tools that should make the work go a lot faster. But there's no fire behind this spark. There's only one thing to do. Call the expedition "hotline" in Khatanga. Nikolai! Fortunately, the doctor is in. While Nikolai, one of the Russian workers takes note Anatoly reveals the secrets of working with his latest electronic antique. It turns out that it's nothing serious. A little sleight of hand with a couple of connecting wires and the team may be in business. The din of jackhammers is deafening. But the permafrost is stubborn, giving way grudgingly to the forces of iron and steel. Finally, the men begin to make up for lost time. The trench around the mammoth is getting deeper and any day now, the animal may burst out. The sound of jackhammers is the signal for the expedition leader and the scientist to brace themselves against the cold and head for the mammoth site. From here on in, the men will work under the constant supervision of Dick and Bernard. They've become guardians of the animal taking shape under their eyes. Their vigilance is rewarded when the first wiry hairs poke from the side of the block. Dick can barely contain his excitement at the signs of life making their way to the surface after thousands of years underground. ...You go through the damages made by the jackhammer you'll see that this was never disturbed so this must be the original clay layer in which the mammoth was buried. There are few clues to the world of the Jarkov mammoth. What is known comes from radio carbon dating and analysis of the tusks, teeth and pollen samples around the hair salvaged from the first expedition. The evidence shows that it's a 47-year-old male that died some 20,000 years ago. After the animal is unearthed new tests will be performed on its tissue and bones. Oh, this is beautiful. 20,380 years ago this animal died and now I am riding on its back. Everywhere hairs, everywhere hundreds, thousands... It's beautiful. Now so close to the flesh Bernard urges caution. The men must continue to reduce the block's weight without exposing the animal. Once flown off the tundra, the mammoth will be preserved in its frozen state for scientists to study in a less hostile environment. Hair is visible on all three sides of the block signaling that the last phase is near. Burrowing under a block the weight of four woolly mammoths won't be easy. But even if can be done lifting it may be problematic and Bernard is concerned. The huge helicopter's coming to... Yeah, yeah. Is he going to make the cables so the helicopter... Yes, it's, I have a lot of small problem because I have always the Russian told me "yes we have, yes it's okay, yes. But many time it works, but many time it not works the first time, you know? Now the problem we have because this big helicopter will lift it cannot take more than 26 tons. 26? Yeah, 26? This is the size of a block we have 26, 30 tons now but it's the first time we do this. It's week three on the Taimyr. A helicopter bearing supplies and a few curious onlookers flies low over the campsite. After days of nothing but the sound of jackhammers and Arctic wind the men on the ground are equally mesmerized by the chopper. The pilot's ritual is always the same. He can't resist buzzing the site to see how the block is shaping up. They've gotten so close now that the scent of ancient animal is in the air. I will smell it to see if it smells. Uh, it is cold but I can tell you it smells. Right now my nose is so cold I don't think I could smell. This is exceptional for me because for the first time I can touch the hair of the animal that I've been pursuing that's still in place in the ground. And when I see it here and there and over there well then I'm very impressed. Very impressed. I've got bones, I've got teeth I've got tusks and in one case we even found the dung of mammoths. But I've never been where I can pet the hair that's still attached to the animal. It's an emotional experience that probably you don't have as deeply unless you've been hunting mammoths for over 30 years like I have. Ideally, if everything worked properly they wouldn't clone this animal and then I can actually pet the living animal. But right now, to pet the hair of this mammoth is kind of the height of mammoth hunting. To gather fleece and hair of an extinct woolly mammoth is a unique thrill but especially for foreigners banned from Siberia for decades. Don't hit the animal. The men refrain from taking soft tissue for now. Later, the mammoth will move to the ice caves in Khatanga. And scientists will take uncontaminated samples of flesh and the flora and fauna around the animal in a controlled setting. A piece of 20,000 year old wool. A living mammoth's yellow-brown undercoat could be an inch thick and lay just below the animal's long bristly mane. Yes, but it's simple... we can use this large instrument. Yeah, yeah, yeah. You become addict. You have this and you want this. Months from now, when DNA samples are taken from this animal more valuable information will surface about a little-known species and thoughts of its revival will haunt many a dream. The end of week three sees progress but not enough. Trying to make up for lost time, Bernard does the unreasonable: Calls for volunteers for a night dig. You need much more time in tundra to do something. Always before to go to sleep I prefer to solve the main question of the day. I know that if tomorrow I start this process, I lost one day. So I take my courage in my hand and I try to speak with my team and try to get one or two people as a volunteer because I cannot do by myself. So I start to speak about this and I was so surprised. I know that Boris will join me of course but I was so surprised that all the team was like one man. And for me, it gives so much more energy that we do much more than I expected that time. The Siberian night is unforgiving. Temperatures have plummeted to well below zero by the time the men pick up their tools. But now the end is in sight. The men know the block they've chiseled out of rock-solid permafrost is large enough to contain the entire mammoth carcass. Now they've just got to get underneath. Shattering the ice that seals one side of the block to the earth is laborious work but separating the block from the permafrost side requires both strength and real motivation. What was very exciting at that time is we were so close to the end that everybody find more energy. And after four hours working in the night I have to stop these people working because I know that if we have not enough rest tomorrow we'll have some problem. Do you know what it is tissane Herb tea and coffee. Simplicity rules at the mammoth camp work, sleep and all they can eat. The fare is basic fish when they're lucky, and reindeer for breakfast lunch and dinner. Covered by a fresh deerskin, a hole in the ice provides drinking water from the Khatanga River. As the tunneling continues, a relic from the past emerges in the rubble aquatic plants from the Ice Age. Look at this one, it's still green. Ah, yes. Tipped off by a foul smell under the block the men call Dick and Bernard to check it out. At one time, Dick thinks this might have been a pond or a small lake. ...and it smells something organic, yeah? When you think that it's minimum 20,000 years old make things more exciting. What we know for sure is that it's below the carcass of the mammoth. So it must be... ...older. ...the same age or older. So at least 20,380 years. It's possible that the ancient plants are in such good condition because they were lodged under the mammoth and couldn't rise and decay in the pond's surface. It's organic material, look how big the plant remains are. And the color even on this one. This is beautiful, you can see uh, the cut on the cut, that there's a hole inside so. It's still green. Yeah. These plant remains provided a lot of new information on the time the mammoth was living on the mammoth steppe because I'm convinced of this that those plant remains are aquatic plants. Now we have plant remains from a pond or a small lake, which provide new information on vegetation in the water during the time of the mammoth. To fuel its massive body, an adult woolly mammoth could spend up to 20 hours a day foraging for grass and sedges. But temptation often turned to tragedy when a pond so warm and rich with plants would trap a mammoth in its muddy bed ...and finally, preserve him in a frozen grave. It's now some four weeks into the mammoth expedition. The Dolgans - Guenady Jarkov and his family head toward the dig site. The Dolgan has promised Bernard hat he'll return to the camp when the mammoth is ready to fly. Time on this vast white plain isn't measured by the hands of a clock but in the first snows of autumn the thawing of the river and the gathering of the reindeer herds. The Dolgans make camp alongside the expedition site. They'll stay as long as the grazing's good. For now, they'll prepare for autumn with rituals observed by Dolgans across the Taimyr. Packing snow against their homes seals out the cold. In a land where wood is more valuable than ivory life is Spartan, and surviving the bitter Siberian winter is a matter of planning skill and luck. Stroganina, frozen fish eaten with salt is a staple of Russian diet and fare for guests. That Bernard has sought the guidance of the Jarkov family in his unprecedented effort to raise the mammoth has forged a bond between the Frenchman and the nomads. Guenady shares his craft with Bernard a harness collar he's worked out of mammoth ivory. It's valuable, and will last. These are things we make according to our traditional customs. Mammoth bones and tusks are very old and they can be passed from one generation to another. The tusks that are not smooth break into pieces after 10 or 15. But if they're in good condition they can last for a very long time. I inherited these from my mother. They were made 40 years ago, and they look as if they were still new. The ivory from an Ice Age mammoth is what brought the Dolgan and the explorer together. Now it binds them in a journey back through time. Shouldering the huge tusks of the mammoth they found, the Dolgans move toward the dig site. Today these tusks will be reunited with their owner. With the Jarkovs present, they'll be reattached to the block to empower the mammoth on his flight into the future. For me, this Jarkov mammoth is a symbol and the symbol works with the tusks. It was a kind of respect for me to show him in his best light. Okay... Gone from the earth for 10,000 years now the mammoth lives on in the eye of the hunter. Pursued for sustenance, revered and etched in ancient stone... the giant of the Ice Age helped our ancestors to survive. Week four - the site is hit with the first major storm of the season. It's hard to hear above the roar of the winds and the snow has begun to swirl in drifts around the tents at an alarming rate. But there's no turning back now. Refusing to fold to the Arctic's icy hand Bernard and his team push on. It's the coldest day yet on the tundra but they're too close to their goal to give up. Led by Bernard, and anchored by Boris the men make their way under the block, inches at a time. An unlikely group of mammoth hunters each of the men is now linked in his own way to the creature from another age. Shouting encouragement over the cacophony of wind and power tools, they punch their way through the permafrost. A month ago, none would have predicted that they would press on in conditions so extreme. Not even Boris. It's terrible when you have something that became concrete and you want to work more, and suddenly nature is much more strong than you. And this wind start to blow stronger and stronger and everything was going in all direction. It became crazy and very noisy. Long into the night the tempest rages on. But the men have won this round in the battle against the elements. Or have they? It takes a half-day to shovel out snowdrifts two meters deep. I became a little bit crazy with this storm because I decide that of course, is more strong than me but I will not give up. Even if he bring each night cubic meter and cubic meter of snow to throw out. We will not stop all this process. It was a kind of pleasure to show to the wind that we were more determined. Of course, all of this take a lot of time but the time was on my side because I understand that all my team when they saw that I had so much energy to put in this will follow me until we make the complete excavation of the of the mammoth. It's time to begin the assembly of a steel frame that can hold the massive block, but it's stop and go with tools that rebel against the cold. Once they're sized, the plan is to run three bars under the mammoth carcass and weld them to cross beams. They'll dig under the block insert the beams and chip out the ledge it rests on once it's ready to fly. The tunnel under the block has been coming along slowly but at last, and just about right on schedule Boris powers his way through. For the first time in 10,000 years the mammoth will rise free of its tomb. But whether it's light enough to be lifted is another matter. After all of their efforts the men are curious. Expedition coordinator Christian DeMarliave conducts an experiment balancing melted permafrost and water to calculate the density of the block. Factoring density and volume should tell them how much the block weighs. Boris have some secret question. He's afraid a little bit that the block can move or... This could be a major problem. Explain to him that this piece of iron will not support the block. There will be three other piece who the support will be transversal. Until we, we, we have not installed the three other pieces or two other pieces, we don't take out ground from this place. We will take ground the ground on this place after we have put this three... We can work, I think, without any problem of security on the both sides of the block. After we put the other one two piece of wood to be sure and only only one hour before the take-off of the block by the helicopter, we will cut... Bernard and the Russians are heading toward an impasse. Ah we cannot move it. No, we need to decide that. The end of week three sees progress but not enough. Trying to make up for lost time, Bernard does the unreasonable: Calls for volunteers for a night dig. You need much more time in tundra to do something. Always before to go to sleep I prefer to solve the main question of the day. I know that if tomorrow I start this process, I lost one day. So I take my courage in my hand and I try to speak with my team and try to get one or two people as a volunteer because I cannot do by myself. So I start to speak about this and I was so surprised. I know that Boris will join me of course but I was so surprised that all the team was like one man. And for me, it gives so much more energy that we do much more than I expected that time. The Siberian night is unforgiving. Temperatures have plummeted to well below zero by the time the men pick up their tools. But now the end is in sight. The men know the block they've chiseled out of rock-solid permafrost is large enough to contain the entire mammoth carcass. Now they've just got to get underneath. Shattering the ice that seals one side of the block to the earth is laborious work but separating the block from the permafrost side requires both strength and real motivation. What was very exciting at that time is we were so close to the end that everybody find more energy. And after four hours working in the night I have to stop these people working because I know that if we have not enough rest tomorrow we'll have some problem. Do you know what it is tissane Herb tea and coffee. Simplicity rules at the mammoth camp work, sleep and all they can eat. The fare is basic fish when they're lucky, and reindeer for breakfast lunch and dinner. Covered by a fresh deerskin, a hole in the ice provides drinking water from the Khatanga River. As the tunneling continues, a relic from the past emerges in the rubble aquatic plants from the Ice Age. Look at this one, it's still green. Ah, yes. Tipped off by a foul smell under the block the men call Dick and Bernard to check it out. At one time, Dick thinks this might have been a pond or a small lake. ...and it smells something organic, yeah? When you think that it's minimum 20,000 years old make things more exciting. What we know for sure is that it's below the carcass of the mammoth. So it must be... ...older. ...the same age or older. So at least 20,380 years. It's possible that the ancient plants are in such good condition because they were lodged under the mammoth and couldn't rise and decay in the pond's surface. It's organic material, look how big the plant remains are. And the color even on this one. This is beautiful, you can see uh, the cut on the cut, that there's a hole inside so. It's still green. Yeah. These plant remains provided a lot of new information on the time the mammoth was living on the mammoth steppe because I'm convinced of this that those plant remains are aquatic plants. Now we have plant remains from a pond or a small lake, which provide new information on vegetation in the water during the time of the mammoth. To fuel its massive body, an adult woolly mammoth could spend up to 20 hours a day foraging for grass and sedges. But temptation often turned to tragedy when a pond so warm and rich with plants would trap a mammoth in its muddy bed ...and finally, preserve him in a frozen grave. It's now some four weeks into the mammoth expedition. The Dolgans - Guenady Jarkov and his family head toward the dig site. The Dolgan has promised Bernard hat he'll return to the camp when the mammoth is ready to fly. Time on this vast white plain isn't measured by the hands of a clock but in the first snows of autumn the thawing of the river and the gathering of the reindeer herds. The Dolgans make camp alongside the expedition site. They'll stay as long as the grazing's good. For now, they'll prepare for autumn with rituals observed by Dolgans across the Taimyr. Packing snow against their homes seals out the cold. In a land where wood is more valuable than ivory life is Spartan, and surviving the bitter Siberian winter is a matter of planning skill and luck. Stroganina, frozen fish eaten with salt is a staple of Russian diet and fare for guests. That Bernard has sought the guidance of the Jarkov family in his unprecedented effort to raise the mammoth has forged a bond between the Frenchman and the nomads. Guenady shares his craft with Bernard a harness collar he's worked out of mammoth ivory. It's valuable, and will last. These are things we make according to our traditional customs. Mammoth bones and tusks are very old and they can be passed from one generation to another. The tusks that are not smooth break into pieces after 10 or 15. But if they're in good condition they can last for a very long time. I inherited these from my mother. They were made 40 years ago, and they look as if they were still new. The ivory from an Ice Age mammoth is what brought the Dolgan and the explorer together. Now it binds them in a journey back through time. Shouldering the huge tusks of the mammoth they found, the Dolgans move toward the dig site. Today these tusks will be reunited with their owner. With the Jarkovs present, they'll be reattached to the block to empower the mammoth on his flight into the future. For me, this Jarkov mammoth is a symbol and the symbol works with the tusks. It was a kind of respect for me to show him in his best light. Okay... Gone from the earth for 10,000 years now the mammoth lives on in the eye of the hunter. Pursued for sustenance, revered and etched in ancient stone... the giant of the Ice Age helped our ancestors to survive. Week four - the site is hit with the first major storm of the season. It's hard to hear above the roar of the winds and the snow has begun to swirl in drifts around the tents at an alarming rate. But there's no turning back now. Refusing to fold to the Arctic's icy hand Bernard and his team push on. It's the coldest day yet on the tundra but they're too close to their goal to give up. Led by Bernard, and anchored by Boris the men make their way under the block, inches at a time. An unlikely group of mammoth hunters each of the men is now linked in his own way to the creature from another age. Shouting encouragement over the cacophony of wind and power tools, they punch their way through the permafrost. A month ago, none would have predicted that they would press on in conditions so extreme. Not even Boris. It's terrible when you have something that became concrete and you want to work more, and suddenly nature is much more strong than you. And this wind start to blow stronger and stronger and everything was going in all direction. It became crazy and very noisy. Long into the night the tempest rages on. But the men have won this round in the battle against the elements. Or have they? It takes a half-day to shovel out snowdrifts two meters deep. I became a little bit crazy with this storm because I decide that of course, is more strong than me but I will not give up. Even if he bring each night cubic meter and cubic meter of snow to throw out. We will not stop all this process. It was a kind of pleasure to show to the wind that we were more determined. Of course, all of this take a lot of time but the time was on my side because I understand that all my team when they saw that I had so much energy to put in this will follow me until we make the complete excavation of the of the mammoth. It's time to begin the assembly of a steel frame that can hold the massive block, but it's stop and go with tools that rebel against the cold. Once they're sized, the plan is to run three bars under the mammoth carcass and weld them to cross beams. They'll dig under the block insert the beams and chip out the ledge it rests on once it's ready to fly. The tunnel under the block has been coming along slowly but at last, and just about right on schedule Boris powers his way through. For the first time in 10,000 years the mammoth will rise free of its tomb. But whether it's light enough to be lifted is another matter. After all of their efforts the men are curious. Expedition coordinator Christian DeMarliave conducts an experiment balancing melted permafrost and water to calculate the density of the block. Factoring density and volume should tell them how much the block weighs. Boris have some secret question. He's afraid a little bit that the block can move or... This could be a major problem. Explain to him that this piece of iron will not support the block. There will be three other piece who the support will be transversal. Until we, we, we have not installed the three other pieces or two other pieces, we don't take out ground from this place. We will take ground the ground on this place after we have put this three... We can work, I think, without any problem of security on the both sides of the block. After we put the other one two piece of wood to be sure and only only one hour before the take-off of the block by the helicopter, we will cut... Bernard and the Russians are heading toward an impasse. Ah we cannot move it. No, we need to decide that. |
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